1995年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題及參考答案

　　PartⅠ

　　Section A:

　　1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _____.

　　A. had produced 　　　　　B. have been produced

　　C. would have produced 　　D. had been produced

　　2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind today.

　　A. exists 　　B. exist 　　C. existing　　 D. existed

　　3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.

　　A. which to base on 　　B. on which to base

　　C. to base on which 　　D. which to be based on

　　4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.

　　A. Everybody　　 B. Anybody 　　C. Somebody 　　D. Nobody

　　5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

　　A. attended 　　B. Attending 　　C. to attend 　　D. have attended

　　6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.

　　A. so that 　　B. but that　　 C. in that 　　D. provided that

　　7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.

　　A. rather than 　　B. Other than　　 C. better than 　　D. less than

　　8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

　　A. What 　　B. That　　 C. It 　　D. As

　　9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

　　A. by 　　B. with 　　C. at 　　D. on

　　10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.

　　A. as it is 　　B. the same as　　 C. so is 　　D. and so is

　　Section B(改錯(cuò)):

　　11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflectingA not so much a leisurelyB lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time areC too valuable to be wastedD.

　　12. In debating one must conect the opponent'sA facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that B whatC he presents as proof, unlessD relevant , is sufficient.

　　13 . We are not consciousA of the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction that Ccan make the differenceD between a full and an empty life.

　　14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel, that man was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.D

　　15 . Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct forB those write about Cscience are careful in checkingD the accuracy of their reports.

　　16. whenever we hear of A a natural disaster, even B in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy C for the people to have affected D.

　　17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon be trusting Bour health, wealth and happiness to elements with whomC very names the general public areD unfamiliar.

　　18. The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanC the United States doesD.

　　19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linkedA research projects will account forB an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much Cto protect our diminishing Dresources.

　　20. If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.

　　Section C:

　　21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.

　　A. admired 　　B. regarded　　 C. expected 　　D. worshipped

　　22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.

　　A. shorthand 　　B. scheme 　　C. schedule 　　D. sketch

　　23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.

　　A. supply 　　B. assurance 　　C. provision 　　D. adjustment

　　24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.

　　A. spacious 　　B. sophisticated 　　C. substantial　　 D. steady

　　25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.

　　A. entitled to 　　B. involved in 　　C. associated with 　　D. assigned to

　　26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ____.

　　A. danger　　 B. stake　　 C. loss 　　D. threat

　　27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.

　　A. fatigued 　　B. tired 　　C. exhausted 　　D. bored

　　28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.

　　A. wrong 　　B. trouble 　　C. fault 　　D. difficulty

　　29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.

　　A. exceedingly 　　B. excessively　　C. extensively　　D. exclusively

　　30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ the consequences.

　　A. answer for 　　B. run into 　　C. abide by 　　D. step into

　　31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.

　　A. parallel to 　　B. level in　　 C. flat on 　　D. flush with

　　32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.

　　A. convinced 　　B. anticipated　　 C. resolved 　　D. assured

　　33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.

　　A. adapted 　　B. acknowledged　　 C. assembled 　　D. appointed

　　34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.

　　A. let down 　　B. let alone 　　C. let off 　　D. let out

　　35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.

　　A. urgent 　　B. hasty 　　C. instant 　　D. prompt

　　36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.

　　A. missing 　　B. losing 　　C dropping 　　D. leaking

　　37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field is climbing.

　　A. engaging 　　B. devoting 　　C. registering 　　D. pursuing

　　38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about his plan.

　　A. at hand 　　B. in turn　　 C. in conclusion　　 D. at length

　　39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.

　　A. prospect 　　B. prediction 　　C. prosperity 　　D. permission

　　40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.

　　A. stable　　 B. rational 　　C. legal　　 D. credible

　　Part Two:

　　Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep . For example, it has long been known thattotal sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems――the self-protecting mechanism against disease――had crashed.

　　41 . (A)Either　　 (B)Ndther　　 (C)Eachtn)Any

　　42 . (A) intended 　　( B)required 　　( C) assumed　　 ( D) inferred

　　43 . (A) subtle　　 (B)obvious 　　(C)mysterious 　　　　(D)doubtful

　　44 . (A) maintained　　 ( B) described　　 (C)settled　　 (D)afforded

　　45. (A)in the light　　 (B)by virtue 　　(C)with the exception　　 (D)for the purpose

　　46 . (A) reduction 　　( B) destruction 　　(C) deprivation　　 (D) restriction

　　47. (A)upon 　　(B)by 　　(C)through 　　(D)with

　　48. (A)paid attention to 　　(B)caught sight of　　 (C)laid emphasis on　　 (D)cast light on

　　49 . (A) develop 　　(B)produce 　　(c)stimulate 　　(D)induce

　　50. (A)if 　　(B)as if　　 (C)only if 　　(D)if only

　　PartⅢ　Reading Comprehensinn

　　Passage l

　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament gov- ern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.

　　Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

　　If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive――advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

　　51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.

　　(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

　　(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

　　(C) advertising costs money like everything else

　　(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

　　52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

　　(A) Securing greater fame.　　　　

　　(B) Providing more jobs.

　　 (C) Enhancing living standards.　

　　 (D) Reducing newspaper cost.

　　53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.

　　(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising

　　(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention

　　(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

　　(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising

　　54. In the author's opinton,__.

　　(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing

　　(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

　　(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

　　(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement

　　Passage 2

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .

　　In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

　　These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .

　　55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.

　　(A) he has given up his smoking habit

　　(B) he has made great efforts in his work

　　(C) he is keen on leaming anything new

　　(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

　　56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.

　　(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder

　　(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements

　　(C) face difficulties and take up challenges

　　(D) aim high and reach his goal each time

　　57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.

　　(A) a new approach to experiencing the world

　　(B) a new way of taking risks

　　(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves

　　 (D) a new system of adaptation to change

　　58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.

　　(A) curiosity about more chances

　　(B) promptness in self-adaptation

　　( C) open-mindedness to new experiences

　　 (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubts

　　Passage 3

　　In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.

　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World WarⅡ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .

　　Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .

　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

　　In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.

　　Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

　　59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.

　　(A) the lack of stable communities

　　(B) the breakdown of informal information channels

　　(C) the increased mobility of families

　　(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place

　　60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.

　　(A) they have to learn new things consciously

　　(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information

　　(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily

　　(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.

　　61 . From the passage we can infer that__.

　　(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages

　　(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era

　　(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

　　(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

　　62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.

　　(A) it is necessary to obtain as much

　　(B) people should make the best use of the information

　　(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .

　　(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

　　Passage 4

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent――A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

　　One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '

　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .

　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

　　63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.

　　(A) impatient　　 ( B) considerate 　　( C) aggressive 　　(D) agreeable

　　64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.

　　(A) the pressure is too great on the students

　　(B) some students are bound to fail

　　(C) failure rates are too high

　　(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful

　　65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.

　　(A) candidates' sensitivity 　　(B) academic acbievements

　　(C) competitive spirit　　　　 (D) surer values

　　66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.

　　(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth

　　(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .

　　(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors

　　(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society

　　Passage 5

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .

　　Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

　　In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.

　　Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

　　67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.

　　(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .

　　(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive

　　(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability

　　(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

　　68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.

　　(A) he would survive best 　　　　　　　　(B) he would have a lot of trouble

　　(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced　　 (D) the evolution of memory would stop

　　69. From the last paragraph we know that__.

　　(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning

　　(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl

　　(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting

　　(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs

　　70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.

　　(A) remembering 　　(B) forgetting　　 (C) adapting　　 (D) experiencing

　　PartⅣ　English-Chinese Translation

　　The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .

　　All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　PartⅤ　Wrlting (15 points)

　　DIRECTIONS :

　　A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"

　　B. Time limit : 40 minutes

　　C. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

　　D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the　given opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization of　our country " .

　　E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　OUTLEVE:

　　1. Present sluation

　　2. Necessity of the project

　　3. My suggestion

　　答案：

　　1. D　 2. A 　3. B 　4. D 5　. B 　6. C 　7. A 　8. D　 9. A 　10.C　11. A， renect 　12. D， if　13. B， to which 14. D， being　15. C， writing about或who write about　 16. D， affected　17. C， whose 　18. C， as　　19. C， do much 　20. B， each time　21. B　 22. D　 23. C　 24. C　 25. A　 26. B　 27. D　 28. C　 29. A 　30. A　31. D 　32. B　 33. A　 34. C　 35. B　 36. A 　37. D 　38. D 　39. A 　40. B　41. B　 42. C　 43. C　 44. B　 45. D　 46. C　 47. A　 48. D　 49. A　 50. B　51. D　 52. A　 53. D　 54. C　 55. A　 56. C　 57. A　 58. D 59. B 　60. C　61. A　 62. D　 63. C　 64. B　 65. B 　66. C 　67. D　 68. B　 69. A　 70. B

　　71.把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者不考慮其弊病來(lái)自人們對(duì)測(cè)試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。

　　72.這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

　　73.因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者同時(shí)使用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。

　　74.一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。

　　75.例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。