2004年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題在線?？?二)

　　Section III Reading Comprehension Part A（滿分40分）Directions： Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

　　Passage 1 Hunting for a job late last year， lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder， a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site‘spersonal search agent。 It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location， title， and salary， then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal， intellectual property， and Washington， D.C. Three weeks later， he got his first notification of an opening.I struck gold，says Redmon， who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet， finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon， career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria， for example， may work against you：Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.says one expert. For any job search， you should start with a narrow concept――what you think you want to do――then broaden it.None of these programs do that，says another expert.There‘s no career counseling implicit in all of this.Instead， the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database； when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the database again.I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me，says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service， for example， it includes only three potential jobs――those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database； job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them――and they do.On the day after we send our messages， we see a sharp increase in our traffic，says Seth Peets， vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren‘t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed， Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder.You always keep your eyes open，he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 41. How did Redmon find his job？

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　　C[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。此題答案可以從第一段中找出，并且這一篇文章通篇都在講PERSONAL SEARCH AGENT這項(xiàng)服務(wù)。A BY SEARCHING OPENINGS IN A JOB DATABASE太籠統(tǒng)。D BY E-MAILING HIS RESUME TO A DATABASE太具體。B BY POSTING A MATCHING POSITION IN A DATABASE，這不是REDMON而是DATABASE或者EMPLOYER所做的。

　　A.By searching openings in a job database. B. By posting a matching position in a database.

　　C.By using a special service of a database. D.By E-mailing his resume to a database.

　　42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents？

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　　A[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段最后一句話，NARROWING YOUR CRITERIA…放窄標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)對(duì)找工作不利。第三段第一句，F(xiàn)OR ANY JOB SEARCH…在找工作時(shí)，一般是從較狹窄的意向開(kāi)始，即你要干什么，然后再放寬一些，但有位專業(yè)人士說(shuō)，NONE OF THESE PROGRAMES DO THAT，THERE‘S NO CAREER COUNSELING IMPLICIT IN ALL OF THIS.

　　A.Lack of counseling. B.Limited number of visits.

　　C.Lower efficiency. D.Fewer successful matches.

　　43、The expressiontip service（Line 4， Paragraph 3） most probably means

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　　D[注釋]詞義題。此題只有A最具干撓性，因?yàn)門IP有ADVICE的意思，但這里的TIP SERVICE不可以作ADVISOTY SERVICE，因?yàn)锳DVISORY SERVICE與COUNSELING是沒(méi)有本質(zhì)區(qū)別的，選A便與42題矛盾。另外，下文及第四段便是對(duì)此的說(shuō)明。

　　A.advisory. B.compensation. C.interaction. D.reminder.

　　44、Why does CareerSite‘s agent offer each job hunter only three job options？

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　　B[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)43題，既然TIP SERVICE起REMINDER的作用，REMINDER TO CHECK THE DATABASE AGAIN.（第三段第五行），那么B TO ATTRACT MORE RETURNING VISITS便是唯一符合題目的答案，第四段THERE MAY BE MORE MATCHES IN THE DATABASE； JOB HUNTERS WILL HAVE TO VISIT THE SITE AGAIN TO FIND THEMAND THEY DO，是進(jìn)一步的具體說(shuō)明。

　　A.To focus on better job matches. B.To attract more returning visits.

　　C.To reserve space for more messages. D.To increase the rate of success.

　　45、Which of the following is true according to the text？

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　　C[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。并非所有人都通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)求職，所以A PERSONAL SEARCH AGENTS ARE INDISPENSABLE TO JOB-HUNTERS是不正確的表述，最后一段第二句，SOME USE THEM TO KEEP A CLOSE WATCH ON THE DEMAND FOR THEIR LINE OF WORK…錯(cuò)選B項(xiàng)的同學(xué)一定是沒(méi)有讀清楚這一句話：ALTHOUGH HAPPILY EMPLOYED， REDMON MAITNAIN HIS AGENT AT CAREERBUILDER.由此可知選C.譯文解讀去年年底，甘特萊得門律師到處求職時(shí)，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的工作職位庫(kù)打造事業(yè)中搜索一氣，他沒(méi)有成功地找到工作，但卻被這個(gè)網(wǎng)站的個(gè)人搜索代理吸引住了。這種服務(wù)是互動(dòng)的，人們可以鍵入諸如地點(diǎn)、職位和薪金的求職標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，等到資料庫(kù)里有了合適的工作職位時(shí)，系統(tǒng)就會(huì)發(fā)電子郵件給他們。萊得門選擇了法律、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和哥倫比亞特區(qū)華盛頓這些關(guān)鍵詞。三周后，他收到了第一份通知，我可找到金礦了，萊得門說(shuō)，他用電子郵件把自己的簡(jiǎn)歷發(fā)給了那位老板，由此得到了該公司的內(nèi)部的辯護(hù)律師職務(wù)。本文是一篇有關(guān)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上求職的小品文。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)與找工作的有關(guān)的網(wǎng)站，碰到一個(gè)有前途的機(jī)會(huì)需要花很多時(shí)間，而且往往效率不高，搜索代理使人不必反復(fù)訪問(wèn)資料庫(kù)。但是雖然有一個(gè)搜索代理幫了萊得門的忙，求職專家們還是注意到了一些缺點(diǎn)。例如，將自己的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍定得很窄，反而對(duì)你產(chǎn)生不利影響，每回答一個(gè)問(wèn)題，你就失去了一個(gè)做另外一種工作的機(jī)會(huì)一個(gè)專家說(shuō)。第一段主要說(shuō)明了萊得門在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上成功求職的經(jīng)歷。對(duì)于任何求職者來(lái)說(shuō)你應(yīng)該從一個(gè)狹窄的范圍開(kāi)始――你認(rèn)為你想干的工作――作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，然后拓寬它。這些電腦程序中沒(méi)有一個(gè)是這么設(shè)計(jì)的，另一個(gè)專家說(shuō)。整個(gè)體系中沒(méi)有任何就業(yè)咨詢的成分在里面。因此，最有效的辦法就是將這個(gè)代理看作是一種提示器，使你手頭總是有幾個(gè)工作機(jī)會(huì)；收到電子郵件的時(shí)候，就當(dāng)它是提醒你再去資料庫(kù)里看一看。我不會(huì)指望代理功能幫我找到資料庫(kù)中所有吸引我的東西。一個(gè)求職指南的作者說(shuō)。第二段指出個(gè)人搜索代理的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。有的網(wǎng)站盡力設(shè)計(jì)自己的代理系統(tǒng)，以吸引求職者回來(lái)。例如，事業(yè)網(wǎng)站的代理系統(tǒng)給登記過(guò)的人發(fā)的郵件中只包含三種可能的工作職位――它所認(rèn)為最好的三個(gè)。資料庫(kù)中或許還有更多；求職者只得回到網(wǎng)站中才能看到它們――而他們也確實(shí)是這么做了。我們發(fā)出郵件的第二天，網(wǎng)站上的流量就會(huì)急劇增加，事業(yè)網(wǎng)站的市場(chǎng)部副經(jīng)理塞斯皮資說(shuō)。第三段的內(nèi)容主要是寫有關(guān)專家對(duì)求職代理這一服務(wù)的建議。即使是那些并不需要找工作的人也覺(jué)得搜索代理很有價(jià)值。有些人通過(guò)它們密切關(guān)注著市場(chǎng)對(duì)自己這個(gè)職業(yè)的需求，或者搜集有關(guān)信息，好在和老板談判加薪的時(shí)候有些底氣。萊得門雖然工作得很開(kāi)心，但他仍保留著在打造事業(yè)網(wǎng)站的搜索代理。這樣你就知道外面的一切他說(shuō)。有一個(gè)個(gè)人搜索代理就等于有另外一雙眼睛幫你留心外面的世界。最后兩段說(shuō)明了個(gè)人搜索代理的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步意義。

　　A.Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. B. Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. C.Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. D.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. Section III Reading Comprehension Part A（滿分40分）Directions： Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）

　　Passage 2 Over the past century， all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive： alphabetism. This， for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage， refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively； and 26 of George Bush‘s predecessors （including his father） had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking， six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged （Berlusconi， Blair， Bush， Chirac， Chrétien and Koizumi）。 The world’s three top central bankers （Greenspan， Duisenberg and Hayami） are all close to the top of the alphabet， even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world‘s five richest men （Gates， Buffett， Allen， Ellison and Albrecht）。

　　Can this merely be coincidence？ One theory， dreamt up in all the spare time ejoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged， is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school， teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front， to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row， and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications， because they get less individual attention， as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies， the ABCs proudly get their awards first； by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews， election ballot papers， lists of conference speakers and attendees： all tend to be drawn up alphabetically， and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars？

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　　A[注釋]結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一段中，作者指出唯有一種歧視ALPHABETISM依然盛行，因?yàn)樗菨撾[不顯的INSIDIOUS，并且多不為人知UNAWARE.第二段列舉的AAAA汽車的例子和ADAM ABBOTT人名的例子都是對(duì)此種歧視不易為人察覺(jué)的進(jìn)一步解釋。

　　A. A kind of overlooked inequality. B. A type of conspicuous bias.

　　C. A type of personal prejudice. D. A kind of brand discrimination.

　　47、What can we infer from the first three paragraphs？

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　　D[注釋]推論題。這一題需要從前三段中概括出來(lái)其答案。A、B、C三項(xiàng)都是只抓句子細(xì)節(jié)而不求整體理解所作的陳述。另外，本題與46題相聯(lián)系，如果46題做錯(cuò)了，這一題也難以做對(duì)。

　　A.In both East and West， names are essential to success.

　　B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo？ Zysman.

　　C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies‘ names.

　　D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.

　　48、The 4th paragraph suggests that

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　　C[注釋]推論題。這一題的答案可以在第四段中尋找，由于學(xué)生的座位是按姓名首字母排列的，那些靠后的學(xué)生常常不會(huì)被老師提問(wèn)到，并因此而可能逃學(xué)，成績(jī)變差，缺乏當(dāng)眾發(fā)言的自信等。本段倒數(shù)第一行，BECAUSE THEY GET LESS INDIVIDUAL ATTENTION，由此可知答案為C. A.questions are often put to the more intelligent students. B.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. C.teachers should pay attention to all of their students. D.students should be seated according to their eyesight.

　　49、What does the author mean by most people are literally having a ZZZ （Line 2-3， Paragraph 5）？

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　　B[注釋]詞義題。C、D兩項(xiàng)都很容易排除。選擇將在A、B之間進(jìn)行。最后一段講，所有按字母順序排列的東西，都會(huì)使接受者漸失其興趣，（ALL TEND TO BE DRAWN UP ALPHABETICALLY， AND THEIR RECIPIENTS LOSE INTEREST AS THEY PLOUGH THOUGH THEM.）A GETTING IMPATIENT，文意尚通，但較籠統(tǒng)。作者在此有一種夸張，逗樂(lè)的幽默風(fēng)格，認(rèn)為畢業(yè)典禮頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)品到了后面，很多學(xué)生都鼾聲如雷了。

　　A.They are getting impatient. B.They are noisily dozing off.

　　C.They are feeling humiliated. D.They are busy with word puzzles.

　　50、Which of the following is true according to the text？

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　　D[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。這一題與47題類似，要求通觀全文，把握作者主要觀點(diǎn)。

　　譯文解讀在過(guò)去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)，各種不公平和歧視都遭到了譴責(zé)或被視為非法。但是還有一種神秘的不公平和歧視形式繼續(xù)盛行：按字母排序。對(duì)于那些至今還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這個(gè)劣勢(shì)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這指的是歧視那些姓氏首字母排在字母表后半部分的人。這是一篇議論文。

　　第一段指出按字母順序排列這種神秘的不公平和歧視繼續(xù)盛行。人們?cè)缇桶l(fā)現(xiàn)顧客通過(guò)電話本叫出租車時(shí)，與一家名叫佐迪亞克的出租車公司相比，一家名叫AAAA的出租車公司具有相當(dāng)大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。人們不太知曉的是一個(gè)名叫A DAM ABBOTT的人在他的一生中比一個(gè)名叫ZOE ZYSMAN的人占了多大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。英語(yǔ)名字很均勻地分布于字母表的前后兩部分，不過(guò)，許多杰出人物的姓氏首字母都是在A與K之間。

　　美國(guó)總統(tǒng)和副總統(tǒng)的姓氏首字母分別是B和C；喬治、布什的前任中（包括他的父親），有26位姓氏在字母表的前半部分，而只有16位在后半部分。更另人驚奇的，七國(guó)首腦中有6位其姓氏具有按字母排序的優(yōu)勢(shì)。（貝盧斯科尼，布萊爾，布什，希拉克，施羅德和小泉）。世界三大中央銀行家（格林斯藩，德伊森貝赫和福井）的姓氏也都在字母表靠前位置，盡管他們其中一位使用的是日文。世界五大富翁也是一樣（蓋茨、也菲特、艾倫、艾里森和阿爾布雷赫特）。

　　這僅僅算是巧合嗎？排在字母表不利位置的人，花費(fèi)所有的閑假時(shí)間得出的一個(gè)結(jié)論也是這種情況，在很早時(shí)就已經(jīng)不妙了。在幼兒園另一學(xué)期的開(kāi)始，老師們按字母表順序從前排開(kāi)始按排座位，為的是更容易記住他們的名字。所以近視眼的姓氏靠后的人被排到了后排，而那些不敏感的老師也很少向他提出有啟發(fā)性的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)時(shí)，因受字母排序之害的學(xué)生還以為自己是有幸逃脫了。不過(guò)，結(jié)果是更糟糕的成績(jī)，他們因?yàn)楹苌偈艿疥P(guān)注，在公眾面前說(shuō)話時(shí)，也就沒(méi)有那么自信。第二段、三段、四段用舉例子的方法說(shuō)明一種被人們忽視的不平等和歧視。這種羞辱還在繼續(xù)，在大學(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮上，那些姓氏靠前的人首先獲得嘉獎(jiǎng)，等輪到了姓氏靠后的人領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)時(shí)，大多數(shù)人其實(shí)已在打鼾了。求職面試的決選名單、投票選舉單、會(huì)議發(fā)言和出席名單，所有這些往往都是按字母順序排列的，而人們?cè)诜催@些東西的時(shí)候總是漸漸的失去興趣了。第五段指出這種羞辱并沒(méi)有結(jié)束，與名字排在字母表前部分的人相比，排在字母表后面的人無(wú)形中失去了優(yōu)勢(shì)。

　　A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. B.VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. C.The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Pasage 3 When it comes to the slowing economy， Ellen Spero isn‘t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting， filling or polishing as many nails as she‘d like to， either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly， but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy.I’m a good economic indicator，she says.I provide a service that people can do without when they‘re concerned about saving some dollars.So Spero is downscaling， shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home， instead of Neiman Marcus.I don‘t know if other clients are going to abandon me， tooshe says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America‘s red-hot economy is cooling， lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets， sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers， who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas， the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already， experts say， holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don‘t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned， not panicked， and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects， even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they‘re not in despair because， despite the dreadful headlines， their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan， there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range， predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses， says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco， prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. Instead of 20 to 30 offers， now maybe you only get two or three， says john Deadly， a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn‘t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings， which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside， too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that， Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting. 51. By Ellen Spero isn‘t biting her nails just yet（Line 1， Paragraph 1）， the author means

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　　D[注釋]詞義題。這一題的關(guān)鍵在于作者巧妙地使用了一個(gè)雙關(guān)語(yǔ)PUN，BITE ONE‘S NAILS，或形容詞NAIL-BITING，指陷入困境，焦慮不安。指甲美容師SPERO面對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，雖然生意少了，沒(méi)有指甲可修，但并未陷入絕境，所以說(shuō)ELLEN SPERO ISN’T BITING HER NAILS JUST YET. A. Spero can hardly maintain her business. B. Spero is too much engaged in her work. C. Spero has grown out of her bad habit. D. Spero is not in a desperate situation.

　　52、How do the public feel about the current economic situation？

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　　A[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第二段最后一句話中，顧客們對(duì)此只是關(guān)注，并不驚慌，盡管很多人消費(fèi)有所減縮，但他們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期前景是樂(lè)觀的。

　　A. Optimistic. B. Confused. C. Carefree. D. Panicked.

　　53、When mentioning the $4 million to $10 million range （Lines 3-4， Paragraph 3） the author is talking about.

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　　B[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。第三段第二句講，HOME PRICES ARE HOLDING STEADY IN MOST REGIONS，可知是住房?jī)r(jià)格問(wèn)題，REAL-ESTATE指房地產(chǎn)。

　　A. gold market. B. real estate. C. stock exchange. D. venture investment.

　　54、Why can many people see silver linings to the economic showdown？

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　　A[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。SILVER LININGS指憂中之喜。最后一段講到LOWER INTEREST RATES， STOCK-MARKET SWINGS都是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退中的有利可圖的地方。

　　A. They would benefit in certain ways. B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.

　　C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.

　　55、To which of the following is the author likely to agree？

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　　C[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。這是一道主旨題，從全文的行文可以讀出作者的態(tài)度。

　　譯文解讀談到正在減速的經(jīng)濟(jì)，埃倫?絲皮羅的情況還不是很糟糕。但是這位47歲的剪指甲師修剪、銼光、擦亮的指甲并不是像她希望的那么多，她的多數(shù)顧客每周消費(fèi)12~50美元，但上個(gè)月兩個(gè)老顧客突然就不光顧了。絲皮羅因而歸咎于經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟。我是個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的經(jīng)濟(jì)指示器，她說(shuō)：我所提供的是一種人們想省錢就可以不要的服務(wù)。所以絲皮羅正在縮減開(kāi)支，在克里夫蘭她鄉(xiāng)下的家附近的一中檔DILLAND商場(chǎng)購(gòu)物。而不是在NEIMAN MARARS購(gòu)物。她說(shuō)，我不知其他顧客是否也會(huì)拋棄我。本文是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類論述文。

　　第一段、二段論述了當(dāng)前美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的各種跡象。即使艾倫?格林斯番承認(rèn)美國(guó)過(guò)熱的經(jīng)濟(jì)正在降溫，之前許多工薪族就已經(jīng)覺(jué)察到了經(jīng)濟(jì)減緩的跡象。從汽車經(jīng)濟(jì)商到GAP銷售店，因顧客削減開(kāi)支，銷售額已連續(xù)數(shù)月走低。對(duì)零售商來(lái)說(shuō)，去年在感恩節(jié)和圣誕節(jié)之間的收入占全年收入的24%.而今年關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻又要來(lái)到了。專家們說(shuō)，假日銷售與去年同比下降了7%.但是現(xiàn)在還不用拉響警報(bào)，消費(fèi)者似乎只是稍微有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心，并不恐慌，許多人說(shuō)他們對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展保持樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。甚至在他們適度地緊縮開(kāi)支時(shí)也是如此。

　　消費(fèi)者說(shuō)他們并沒(méi)有絕望，盡管報(bào)紙的大標(biāo)題有些令人驚駭，他們自己的財(cái)富依舊堅(jiān)挺。在大多數(shù)地區(qū)房地產(chǎn)的價(jià)格保持穩(wěn)定。在曼哈頓，四百萬(wàn)到一千萬(wàn)美元的房子，形成一股新的搶購(gòu)熱，主要是因?yàn)槿A爾街的分紅，經(jīng)紀(jì)人巴巴拉考克安說(shuō)，在舊金山盡管瘋狂的叫價(jià)逐漸平息，但房?jī)r(jià)仍然在上漲。以前是20~30個(gè)賣主，現(xiàn)在取而代之的只有2個(gè)或3個(gè)，大多數(shù)人對(duì)自己有能力找到并保住一份工作感到很滿意。

　　許多人在這次蕭條中仍能看到一線希望，想買房子的人會(huì)為更低的利率而歡呼，老板們不會(huì)介意就業(yè)市場(chǎng)中的泡沫，一些消費(fèi)者受到了股市波動(dòng)的影響。但投資將此看作是保持繁榮的必要因素。吃飯的人也能得到好處。以前到曼哈頓的艾倫杜可斯餐廳找張桌子是不可能的，現(xiàn)在不會(huì)有這種事了。因此，格林斯番和各大公司還是可以值得慶祝的。第三段、四段論述了美國(guó)的大多數(shù)人所持的樂(lè)觀、積極的態(tài)度。我們?nèi)孕枰?jǐn)慎，但也大可不必驚慌。

　　A. A now boom， on the horizon. B. Tighten the belt， the single remedy. C. Caution all right， panic not. D.The more ventures， the more chances.Passage 4 Americans today don‘t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes， entertainers， and entrepreneurs， not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education――not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual， says education writer Diane Ravitch. Schools could be a counterbalance. Razitch‘s latest bock， Left Back： A Century of Failed School Reforms， traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools， concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically， to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others， they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path， says writer Earl Shorris， We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.

　　Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege， writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life， a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics， religion， and education. From the beginning of our history， says Hofstadter， our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality， common sense， and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.Mark Twain‘s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized――going to school and learning to read――so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect， according to Hofstadter， is different from native intelligence， a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical， creative， and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp， manipulate， re-order， and adjust， while intellect examines， ponders， wonders， theorizes， criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.

　　56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school？

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　　C[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。文章開(kāi)篇便講，美國(guó)人當(dāng)今對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值不大重視，他們的英雄是運(yùn)動(dòng)員、企業(yè)家而不是學(xué)者。學(xué)校是送孩子去接受實(shí)際教育的地方，而不是要為知識(shí)而知識(shí)。故知答案為C. A. The habit of thinking independently. B. Profound knowledge of the world. C.Practical abilities for future career. D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

　　57、We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

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　　A[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第四段第三句話講，自美國(guó)歷史開(kāi)始，民主黨與平民黨人士都拒絕任何有精美主義味道的東西。后文又談及超驗(yàn)主義者愛(ài)默生和作家馬克?吐溫都是學(xué)術(shù)教育的反對(duì)者，故知美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中便有低估學(xué)術(shù)的傾向。

　　A. undervaluing intellect. B. favoring intellectualism.

　　C.supporting school reform. D. suppressing native intelligence.

　　58、The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

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　　D[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。RAVITCH的態(tài)度在文中第二段有所表露。RAVITCH認(rèn)為學(xué)校是處于實(shí)際比學(xué)術(shù)重要的社會(huì)之中，學(xué)校應(yīng)成為社會(huì)的一種平低力量，看來(lái)他是反對(duì)輕視學(xué)術(shù)的。

　　A. identical. B. similar. C.complementary. D.opposite.

　　59、Emerson， according to the text， is probably

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　　B[注釋]細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第五段第一句話講，愛(ài)默生認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和嚴(yán)格的讀書(shū)學(xué)習(xí)給孩子們加上了非自然的限制，并說(shuō)學(xué)生學(xué)了10年乃至15年后，除了一肚子的文詞之外，步入社會(huì)卻不曉世事?？芍浞磳?duì)學(xué)校教育。

　　A. a pioneer of education reform. B. an opponent of intellectualism.

　　C.a scholar in favor of intellect. D.an advocate of regular schooling.

　　60、What does the author think of intellect？

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　　C[注釋]態(tài)度題。作者的態(tài)度是比較客觀的。文中第三段講，拒思想性生活，會(huì)使人們喪失批判性思考的能力，也會(huì)使人們易于為人控制，不能充分參與民主，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)有學(xué)術(shù)追求。

　　譯文解讀：當(dāng)今的美國(guó)人對(duì)知識(shí)的獲得并不特別重視。我們心目中的英雄是運(yùn)動(dòng)員、演員和企業(yè)家，而不是學(xué)者。甚至學(xué)校也是一個(gè)我們送孩子去接受實(shí)用教育的場(chǎng)所。而不是為了獲得知識(shí)而學(xué)知識(shí)的地方。學(xué)校里很容易見(jiàn)到處處存在的反知識(shí)主義的現(xiàn)象。本文是一篇議論文。第一段指出了美國(guó)社會(huì)中的對(duì)知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)輕視的傾向。學(xué)?？偸翘幵谝粋€(gè)實(shí)踐重于知識(shí)的社會(huì)環(huán)境中教育作家黛安?瑞維茨說(shuō)。學(xué)校能夠成為一種平衡力量。瑞維茨最新出版的一本書(shū)《學(xué)校改革一個(gè)世紀(jì)的失敗》追溯了我們的學(xué)校里反知識(shí)主義的根源，并得出結(jié)論：它們根本不能平衡美國(guó)人對(duì)追求知識(shí)的反感。

　　但是學(xué)校能夠而且應(yīng)該是人們追求知識(shí)的地方。鼓勵(lì)孩子拋棄腦力活動(dòng)使得他們?nèi)菀妆焕煤涂刂?。如果沒(méi)有能力進(jìn)行批判性思維，維護(hù)自己的觀點(diǎn)，并理解他人的觀點(diǎn)，他們就能充分地參與到我們的民主政治中來(lái)。這樣發(fā)展下去，就會(huì)像作家俄爾蕭里斯說(shuō)的，我們會(huì)變成一個(gè)二流的國(guó)家，社會(huì)文明度將降低。

　　知識(shí)被人們看作是一種權(quán)力或特權(quán)的形式而遭到憎惡，歷史學(xué)家理查德?豪夫斯臺(tái)德教授在他的《美國(guó)社會(huì)中的反知識(shí)主義》一書(shū)中這樣說(shuō)。該書(shū)因?yàn)榻沂久绹?guó)政治、宗教以及教育界的反知識(shí)主義根源，獲得普利策獎(jiǎng)。豪夫斯臺(tái)德說(shuō)，從我們的歷史最早期開(kāi)始，我們的民主和民粹主義傾向就使我們擯棄一切和精英政治味道的東西。實(shí)用性、常識(shí)、天分一直都被認(rèn)為是比從書(shū)本中學(xué)來(lái)的任何東西都高尚的資質(zhì)。第二段、三段指出美國(guó)人對(duì)知識(shí)的輕視源于對(duì)實(shí)用性的認(rèn)同，使得學(xué)校也不能成為為了知識(shí)而學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的地方。拉夫瓦爾?多愛(ài)默生和其他一些先驗(yàn)論哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和高強(qiáng)度的書(shū)本學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)使孩子受到不正常的限制，我們被關(guān)在學(xué)校和大學(xué)的背誦室里，一關(guān)就是10到15年，最后帶著滿腹經(jīng)文出來(lái)，卻什么都不知道。馬克吐溫的作品《哈克貝利?芬》這樣描述美國(guó)的反知識(shí)主義。書(shū)中的主人公拒絕接受文明教化――上學(xué)認(rèn)字――所以他保持了自己天生的好的品質(zhì)。

　　在豪夫斯臺(tái)德看來(lái)，知識(shí)和天分是不同的，我們雖不情愿，但只能羨慕別人的天分，但知識(shí)是我們頭腦中批判性、創(chuàng)造性和沉思性的一面。天分對(duì)信息進(jìn)理解，應(yīng)用、加工、并調(diào)整，而知識(shí)卻會(huì)研究、思考、提問(wèn)、總結(jié)理論、批判、并想象。

　　目前學(xué)校里知識(shí)仍遭到懷疑。豪夫斯臺(tái)德說(shuō)我們國(guó)家的教育體系掌握在這樣一些人手中，他們毫不掩飾自己對(duì)知識(shí)的憎惡，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)最差的學(xué)生卻表現(xiàn)出極大的認(rèn)同，并且對(duì)自己的立場(chǎng)頗為得意。第四、五、六、七段作者在分析了知識(shí)和天分區(qū)別的基礎(chǔ)上，說(shuō)明了知識(shí)的重要性。

　　A. It is second to intelligence. B. It evolves from common sense.

　　C.It is to be pursued. D.It underlies power.