考研英語長句的分析方法_跨考網(wǎng)

　　考研英語長句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干

　　1) 劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句;

　　2)劃出所有介詞短語(位于be 動詞后的除外);

　　3) 名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導詞;

　　4) 非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個整體;

　　5)找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干;

　　6) 分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　長難句分析的步驟舉例：經(jīng)典例題(2001 年考研完型填空第二段)

　　In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.

　　分析:

　　第一，劃出定語從句和狀語從句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.

　　第二，劃出介詞短語：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press

　　第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:

　　(1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(Lord Irvine 含同位語the Lord Chancellor)+將來時謂語(will introduce)+賓語(a draft bill);

　　(2)that 引導的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個謂語，making payments to witnesses illegal 是一個動名詞短語做賓語，在動名詞短語內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses 做making 的賓語，illegal 是賓補;第二個謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity 是它的賓語。that can be given to a case before a trial begins 是孕含有一個時間狀語從句(before a trial begins)的定語從句，修飾publicity。

　　請大家按照上述步驟認真分解以下70 個句子，并把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。

　　1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true?。since 引導原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)系代詞that 引導的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that 做主語，makes 做謂語，it 做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with high yields 則是真正的賓語(不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine 是主干，few farmers 是賓語，with high yields 是狀語)，possible 做賓語補足語。this 指代前句中提到的這種困境。energy pinch 譯為“能源的匱乏”;in?fashion 譯為“用?方法、方式”。

　　譯文：這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

　　2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是we must be sure?。since 引導原因狀語從句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that 引導的賓語從句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。

　　此賓語從句中又套嵌一個由介詞with+which 引導的定語從句with which we are comparing our subjects 修飾先行詞the scale。scale 在此處意為“尺度、衡量標準”。

　　譯文：既然對智力的評估相比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對我們的對象進行比較時，我們所用的尺度能夠提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

　　3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when?and least effectively when?。and 連接兩個并列分句，每個并列分句中皆有一個when 引導的時間狀語從句分別說明work most effectively 和and(work)least effectively。第二個時間狀語從句中還有一個主語從句what?predicted。the tests 是主句的主語，work 為動詞做謂語。qualities 在此處是可數(shù)名詞，不譯為“質(zhì)量”，而譯為“特征”。defined 不能直譯為“被定義為”，而應譯為主動語態(tài)“界定”。

　　譯文：一般來說，當所需要測定的特征能被精確界定時，測試最為有效;而當所測定或預測的東西不能被明確界定時，測試效果最差。

　　4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an under privileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate?，and thus do not tell how?。and連接兩個并列分句，第二個并列分句中由how 引導的賓語從句是一個帶有虛擬條件句的主從復合句，其中had he grown up?(=If he had grown up?)是省略了連詞if 的非真實條件句。主句主語的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able 在句中作might have been 的表語。underprivileged 在此不能譯為“沒有特權(quán)的”，而譯為“沒有地位的”或“物質(zhì)條件差的”。

　　譯文：例如，測試并不能彌補明顯的社會不公;因此，它們不能說明一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境中成長的話，會有多大才干。

　　5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that?。冒號后的復合句是對冒號前部分作進一步說明。復合句中that 引導賓語從句，從句中有either?or?引導的兩個并列的介詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，修飾動詞be treated，其中第一個with 介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中還有一個省略了關(guān)系代詞that 或which 的定語從句humans extend to other humans，修飾the consideration。it 代指上文的觀點，即如果對人權(quán)沒有達成一致看法，而談?wù)搫游锏臋?quán)利是徒勞的。介詞短語at the outset 譯為“從一開始”。

　　動詞invites 應轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使”、“讓”或“促使”。動賓結(jié)構(gòu)extend consideration to 意為“給予關(guān)懷或關(guān)心”，consideration 不應譯為“考慮”。

　　譯文：這種說法從一開始就將討論引向極端，它使人們認為應該這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關(guān)懷體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。

　　6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that?。但It was?that?在本句中不是強調(diào)句型。it 是指上句中所提到的150 億年前形成的巨大云團(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that 引導的應是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞the farthest。for 引導的是表示原因的分句，分句中還有that 引導的定語從句，修飾the patterns and structure。

　　譯文：但更重要的是，這是科學家們所能觀測到的有關(guān)過去的最為遙遠的景象，因為他們看到的是150 億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的框架是it happened that?。it 做形式主語，that 引導的從句做真正的主語。主語從句中，又有一個由when 引導的時間狀語從句，主句為tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers?were forced?，時間狀語從句中從句主語the new factories 又帶有一個定語從句that were springing up; that would keep them alive 做work 的定語從句。spring up 意為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)，建立”。

　　譯文: 于是就出現(xiàn)了這樣的情況:正當新辦的工廠紛紛建立，需要勞動力的時候，成千上萬無家可歸、饑腸轆轆、以農(nóng)業(yè)為生的勞動者攜家?guī)Э?，被迫進入城市;他們要找活干，不管什么活兒，不論什么條件，只要不被餓死就行。