考研英語閱讀理解訓(xùn)練 附譯文及參考答案_跨考網(wǎng)

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??????? Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.

??????? So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

??????? But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

??????? “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

??????? All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

??????? The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.。?!?and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.

??????? 譯文

??????? 習(xí)慣是一種有意思的東西。我們可以隨意地觸及到它,將自己的大腦處在自動巡航的狀態(tài),輕松地進入對熟悉的日常事物潛意識舒適狀態(tài)之中。在19世紀,威廉姆?沃德司沃斯曾說,“不是選擇,而是習(xí)慣支配著缺乏思考的百姓?!痹谌招略庐惖?1世紀,甚至于單詞“habit”(習(xí)慣)本身都帶有一種消極的內(nèi)涵。

??????? 所以在相同的背景下去談?wù)摿?xí)慣、創(chuàng)造力和創(chuàng)新看上去是對立的。但是大腦研究人員們發(fā)現(xiàn)了當我們有意識地養(yǎng)成新習(xí)慣的時候,我們的大腦就創(chuàng)建了平行突觸路徑,甚至是全新的腦細胞,這能夠使得我們的思路跳轉(zhuǎn)到創(chuàng)新性的軌道上去。

??????? 但是不要費力試圖去除舊習(xí)慣;一旦那些過程的印跡被長期使用并形成大腦中的海馬狀突起時,它們就永遠存在了。然而,我們特意地在自己大腦中根植的新習(xí)慣會創(chuàng)造出可以繞過那些舊印跡的平行路徑。

??????? “創(chuàng)新所需要的首先就是對奇跡的迷戀”達烏娜?馬科娃說,她是《開放的思維》的作者,也是“職業(yè)思維合作者”的行政變化顧問。“但是我們被教會了如何去‘做決定,’就如同我們的總統(tǒng)稱自己為‘決策者’一樣?!比欢a充道“做決定就是要去除別的可能性而只留下一種。一位優(yōu)秀的創(chuàng)新思想家總是會探索許多不同的可能性的?!?/p>

??????? 我們所有人都以我們意識不到的方式來處理問題,她說。研究人員在20世紀60年代末期發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類與生俱來以四種主要的方式迎接挑戰(zhàn)的能力。這四種主要的方式是:分析地,程序化地,相關(guān)地(或曰協(xié)作地)和創(chuàng)新地。然而在人類的青春期,大腦會關(guān)閉一半這種能力,僅僅保留著那些看上去在人生頭十多年中最有價值的思維方式。

??????? 當前對于標準化測試的強調(diào)之處在于闡明分析與程序,意味著我們沒有幾個人生來就能運用我們的創(chuàng)新的和協(xié)作的思維模式。“這打破了美國信仰體系中的主要法則——每個人都能做成任何事情,”2006年出版的書籍《今年我將要……》的作者,同時也是馬科娃女士的商業(yè)合作伙伴的M?J?瑞恩解釋說,“那是我們已經(jīng)延續(xù)了很久的一個謊言,它促成了共性。了解你擅長的東西并多去實踐就會成就卓越的表現(xiàn)?!别B(yǎng)成新習(xí)慣就在于此。

??????? 詞匯

analytically【機】 分析上

例句:The distinction will be made analytically more precise later when we consider the mathematical details. 以后在我們討論數(shù)學(xué)細節(jié)時,我們將使它們之間的區(qū)別在解析上弄得更準確。

Connotation n. 含蓄, 內(nèi)涵

例句:China believes that as history develops, the concept and connotation of human rights also develop constantly. 中國認為,隨著歷史的發(fā)展,****的概念及其內(nèi)涵也在不斷發(fā)展。

Context n. 上下文, 背景, 來龍去脈

例句:The reporter quoted me out of context. 記者對我的話斷章取義。

詞組:be apart from the context脫離上下文in the context of在……情況下outside the context of在……之外

Capacity  n. 容量, 能力, 才能, 資格

例句:I have come in the capacity of a legal adviser. 我是以法律顧問的身份來的。

詞組:capacity for/ of / to do/ to……的能力

同義詞:content duty fitness function intelligence mentality position power role size volume

Emphasis n. 強調(diào), 加強, 重點, 強語氣

例句:Morality was the emphasis of his speech. 道德是他講話的重點。

詞組:give emphasis to 著重, 強調(diào)

同義詞:accent importance insistence stress

Excellence

n. 優(yōu)秀, 卓越, 優(yōu)點

例句:The players aim for excellence. 運動員們的最終目標是取得優(yōu)秀成績。

詞組:excellence in English擅長英語academic excellence學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)異moral excellence美德

Innovative

a. 革新的, 創(chuàng)新的, 富有革新精神的

例句:This is a basic property of innovative scientific thinking. 這是創(chuàng)新性科學(xué)思維的基本特征。

Ingrain vt. 給原紗染色, 使根深蒂固a. 原紗染色的, 根深蒂固的n. 原紗染色, 固有品質(zhì)

詞組:be deeply ingrained in the mind在頭腦中根深蒂固

Pilot n. 飛行員, 領(lǐng)航員, 航船者, 導(dǎo)向器, 駕駛儀, 向?qū)В?領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人vt. 領(lǐng)航, 駕駛, 引導(dǎo), 試用a. 引導(dǎo)的, 控制的, 試點的

例句:I used to be a pilot. 我當過飛行員。

同義詞:conductor driver engineer operator

Parallel n. 平行, 對比, 相匹敵之物a. 平行的, 相似的vt. 與……平行, 與……相似,相比, 使平行

例句:Stamp collecting and coin collecting are parallel hobbies. 集郵和收藏硬幣是相似的愛好。

詞組:run parallel to 與……平行without (a) parallel 無與倫比; 舉世無雙in parallel with 與……平行, 與……同時, 與……并聯(lián)

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