考研英語閱讀理解解題技巧——推理題

　　考研英語閱讀理解解題技巧——推理題

　　推理引申題主要測試考生理清上下文邏輯關系的能力，要求考生領悟所讀材料中句子之間的邏輯關系，并且根據材料提供的已知信息進行分析、歸納和推理。判斷推理能力對深刻理解一篇文章十分重要，特別是理解作者字里行間的言外之意、作者的觀點、寫作意圖和態(tài)度。命題專家在命制此類試題時通常要求考生對文章或段落進行深層推理和理解，不可能把試題的答案非常直接地暴露于選項中。因此考生應該注意把它與事實細節(jié)題區(qū)別開來，推理引申題必須以事實為依據，但是得出的結果又絕對不是事實本身，即不能“就事論事”。

　　跨考教育英語教研室吳老師在多年教學經驗中發(fā)現，推理引申題對一些基礎比較薄弱的考生而言是一個難點，考生似乎對文章讀懂了(可稱之為“自我感覺良好”)，然而在解題時卻始終不知如何下手，試題也做得不好。這是考生沒有領會命題專家設置推理引申試題的用意的緣故。事實上推理引申題考查的不僅是考生對字面意義的理解，更要求考生透過文章的字里行間去推測作者未明說而又意欲表達的含義。解此類題，考生應該根據文中的材料進行有關的判斷、推理和引申。接下來跨考教育英語教研室吳老師就為考生詳細講解推理題的解題技巧。

　　廣義的推理引申題涵蓋的范圍極其廣泛。它既可以就總體信息也可以就具體或特定信息提問?？傮w提問通常包括文章主旨題、作者觀點態(tài)度題;局部提問通常指段落主旨題、猜測詞義/句意題。但是為了突出這四種出現頻率很高且?guī)в械湫托缘念}型，我們下面談到的推理引申題是排除以上情況的狹義概念。

　　1、推理引申題模式

　　狹義的推理引申題題干中常有infer，imply，suggest，deduce，conclude等詞出現，常見的命題模式有：

　　(1)It can be inferred from the text/the last paragraph/the first sentence that...

　　(2)We can infer (assume, deduce) that .

　　(3)Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?　　(4)It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that .

　　(5)By... the author implies (suggests, indicates )that .

　　(6)The passage implies in the passage that .

　　(7)The author suggests(indicates)in the passage that .

　　(8)It can be concluded from the passage that .

　　(9)From the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that .

　　(10)What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?

　　引申推理題按照解題思路主要可以分為暗指題、推理題和結論題。

　　暗指題的特點是要求讀者體味“言外之意”，信息只能從字里行間獲得。對于這類試題，考生首先要分清是明述還是暗指，即言內還是言外;其次，要盡最大可能與命題者達成“共識”，因為命題人事先確定的答案不允許考生的認識有任何偏差;最后，要對文章中的有關事實和觀點進行分析和研究，按照事實發(fā)展的邏輯次序，總結出合情合理的結論。

　　Example 1

　　If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. (1999年 Passage 5)

　　The author implies that the results of scientific research .

　　[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected

　　[B] can be measured in dollars and cents

　　[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern

　　[D] are mostly underestimated by management

　　原句是個假設條件句，指出“假如科學實驗像科學雜志登載的科學報告顯示的那樣完全按事先的計劃去規(guī)劃和實施，那么，對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產生可以用金錢衡量的結果是完全合理的”。此處正話反說，作者的言外之意是，科學實驗總有不可預測的現象，產生的結果也難以預測，因此不能肯定有效益。[A]選項“可能不像預料的那樣有利可圖”才是作者真正想要表達的含義。

　　Example 2

　　Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.

　　Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”(1996年 Passage 4 )

　　It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .

　　[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge

　　[B] shed light on disciplined school management

　　[C] was brought about by privileged home training

　　[D] owed a lot to the technological development

　　這里第二段的首句指出：敏銳的外國觀察家將美國人的適應能力和創(chuàng)新能力與這個教育優(yōu)勢聯(lián)系在一起。this往回復指前述的最后內容，也就是前一段末句談到的“技工們有文化并且熟知算術、幾何學、三角學”，從而可知這種教育優(yōu)勢就是熟練掌握數學。因而作者暗指的意思是[A]選項“它們很大程度上得益于數學”。

　　推理題與暗指題雖然有許多相似之處，但是其思路與方法更側重于推理，主要測試考生的思維判斷能力，即由已知的事實為依據去獲得未知的信息。考生解題時首先要把握推理范圍——大至段落或全文，小至詞語或句子;其次要嚴格遵循邏輯規(guī)律，保持正確的思維過程和嚴密的邏輯;再次可以利用相關部分提供的事實、背景知識和常識去推理。

　　干擾項的特點：根據文章中某些事實亦可以推導，然而又答非所問。

　　(1)推斷文章內容的含義和引申意思

　　Example

　　Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.(2001年 Passage 4)

　　From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .

　　[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers

　　[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs

　　[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous

　　[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition

　　命題者設置的難點是第二句中定語從句的理解。原文談到“目前難以預料，數家石油公司的合并是否會再次對競爭造成威脅。100年前美國的標準石油聯(lián)合公司(Standard Oil Trust)被解散，就是因為當時人們擔心它會對競爭構成威脅”，由此引申推理可知[D]項“標準石油聯(lián)合公司可能曾對競爭形成過威脅”。此外，考生還需要注意，might have threatened是虛擬語氣，表示對過去的推測。

　　(2)運用數字進行推理

　　Example

　　Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

　　This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.

　　Altogether, the Us population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.

　　Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War Ⅱ, and the pattern still prevails. (1998年 Passage 4)

　　Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s .

　　[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history

　　[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population

　　[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth

　　[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ

　　這是一道涉及數字的題目，從標志詞1970s可以定位為文章第三段，本段指出：“20世紀70年代，美國人口總共增長了2 320萬——從數字上看，這是有紀錄以來10年期人口增長的第三高峰。即使如此，人口總數也只增加了11.4%，除了大蕭條時期，這是美國年度記錄最低的增長率?！币虼耍琜A]選項和[C]選項與文意不符。接著文章第四段談到人口普查顯示出“第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來，美國人不斷移居西部和南部，現在這種趨勢依然存在”。因此可以得出[B]選項是正確答案，而[D]選項與該段內容正好相反。

　　(3)用類比的例子，要求考生進行推理演繹

　　Example1

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. (1995年 Passage 2)

　　A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when .

　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit

　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work

　　[C] he is keen on learning anything new

　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

　　本文指出看待人的成長有兩個觀點：一是視為結果，一是視為過程。第一段具體講到第一種觀點的詳細內容。它是大部分人都持有的觀點，看重外在結果因為其可以量化，可以通過具體事例反映出來，如：工人得到升遷、學生成績提高和外國人學會了一門新的語言。第二段講第二種觀點的詳細內容：成長是人在遇到新的經歷和意外險阻時表現出來的態(tài)度和情感，而不是實在的結果。問的是根據第一種觀點，以下哪一種是成長表現。通過文中類比的例子可知只有[A]選項是實在的結果。

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