考研英語閱讀材料匯編之健康類(3)

復(fù)習緊張，焦頭爛額？逆風輕襲，來跨考秋季集訓(xùn)營，幫你尋方法，定方案！ 了解一下>>

閱讀是考研英語的重要題型之一，也是保障英語成績的關(guān)鍵題目。因此，考研學(xué)子們要充分重視英語閱讀，除了平時多多閱讀英語雜志、報紙外，還需要針對閱讀進行專項訓(xùn)練。小編整理了關(guān)于考研英語閱讀題源的系列文章——考研英語閱讀材料匯編之健康類(3)，請參考!

 Cancer and Staying Fit

Four times a week, Anne Rinn, 28, a psychology professor in Bowling Green, Ky., whose mother died of breast cancer, goes to kickboxing, aerobics or Pilates classes. Liz Usborne, a 64-year-old breast-cancer survivor, lobs tennis balls over the net and circuit-trains at a women's gym near her home in Bonita, Cafif. The thread binding them? Concern about getting-or surviving and thriving after--breast cancer.

The American Cancer Society estimates that this year, 241,000 women will learn they have breast cancer and 40,000 women will die of it. Fortunately , a growing list of effective therapies developed during the past decade has helped extend lives, one reason that deaths from breast cancer have been dropping slowly since 1990. Living among us are more than 2 million women who have undergone breast-cancer treatments.

Modern miracle drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene routinely cut risk for breast cancer in women whose medical histories or genes make them especially vulnerable to it. But reams of research also suggest that exercise--an activity as old as the human race-substantially reduces the odds of ever getting the disease, lengthens survival and considerably enhances quality of life for women with breast cancer.

Scientists don't completely understand why exercise is so important, but they're actively looking for answers. Roughly two thirds of all breast cancers are considered estrogen-positive; that means that the hormone estrogen fuels their growth. The rest are estrogen-negative. Many experts believe regular exercise lowers the amount of estrogen circulating through the body in the bloodstream. So for certain types of breast cancer, less estrogen equals less fuel. Exercise also pares off hormonally active fat tissue. Fat manufactures substance called Aromatase that converts hormones known as androgens to estrogen. After menopause, when the ovaries stop cranking out high levels of estrogen, this hormonal cascade becomes the major source of estrogen in a woman's body

Recently two large, carefully designed studies suggested exercise may work through more than just hormonal mechanisms linked to estrogen. In a study published last month in the Archives of Internal Medicine, researchers speculated that exercise might affect tumor aggressiveness. The researchers found that long-term moderate or strenuous activity over a lifetime cut risk for developing estrogen-negative invasive breast cancers (though not estrogen-positive cancers). Since fewer therapies are effective against estrogen-negative cancers, that's heartening news. Some earlier research on exercise suggests it lowers risk for estrogen-positive cancers, too. Scientists are also looking beyond estrogen at the effects exercise has on insulin, leptin and certain growth factors.

Regular exercise early in life, particularly around puberty, and exercise vigorous enough to suppress other reproductive hormones may make a difference, too. A 2005 multicenter study on lifetime activity matched more than 4,000 white and black breast-cancer survivors with controls. Researchers found a 20 percent decrease in breast-cancer risk for the most versus least active women.

After a woman is diagnosed, exercise can dramatically lengthen survival and lower the odds of another tumor. For up to 14 years, the Nurses' Health Study tracked nearly 3,000 participants diagnosed with breast cancer. Researchers found that recurrence rates and deaths from breast cancer (and from all causes) dipped 26 to 40 percent among those who exercised most, compared with their sedentary peers. Brisk walking or equivalent energy-burning activity for three to five hours a week-about 30 minutes a day-netted the biggest benefits. But even being active for one to three hours a week reduced risk to some degree。

Excess pounds lower the likelihood of survival after breast cancer. But for many women, maintaining a healthy weight is often a struggle, especially during treatment. Chemotherapy or radiation can make women feel too tired to exercise. Steroids given to help ease certain side effects of chemotherapy prompt a ravenous appetite. Nausea can lead to almost continuous nibbling of comfort foods to settle queasy stomachs. Some anticancer medications that work by tampering with hormones may have a hand in weight gain, too. One such hormonal drug is Tamoxifen, which keeps estrogen from entering breast cells by blocking receptors atop the cells that allow access. Studies have yet to confirm a connection, but many women on Tamoxifen complain of watching the scale inch upward. No matter what the root cause is for weight gain, exercise of all sorts helps burn calories. And paradoxically, for those who feel too wiped out to fit exercise in, some evidence shows light to moderate activities may actually alleviate treatment-induced fatigue。

Doctors once believed upper-body resistance training was apt to trigger the chronic swelling and discomfort of Lymphedema in women treated for breast cancer. Lymph is a thin, milky fluid that collects in spaces between cells. Carrying germ-battling immune cells, it seeps through a lacy network of channels in the body before draining into the circulatory system. Lymphedema occurs when lymph backs up, often in an arm or sometimes in the torso, after surgery or radiation alters lymph channels. Several recent studies suggest that a gradual approach and proper precautions make resistance training unlikely to raise the risk of developing Lymphedema or worsening it if it already exists.

That's important news. Resistance training helps reverse the muscle loss and fat gain called Sarcopenia that often follows chemo-therapy and hormonal therapy. Itˊs helpful in other ways, too. Osteoporosis, which sets the stage for life-altering bone fractures, may be hastened by certain anticancer treatments. Chemo-therapy, for example, sometimes pushes women into early menopause by pre-maturely shutting down their ovaries. Since estrogen helps protects bones, losing it speeds bone-thinning, particularly in the spine and hips, which are especially vulnerable to fractures. Also known to contribute to osteoporosis is a class of breast-cancer drugs called aromatase inhibitors that cut off the most plentiful supply of estrogen after menopause by interrupting the process that converts androgens into estrogen. Resistance training slows bone loss and may even strengthen bones.

Quality of life counts, too. In clinical trials, moderate to vigorous exercise programs notched up progressively to 45-minute sessions at least three times a week eased anxiety and depression, enhanced mood and self-esteem, and helped counter fatigue.

Thus far, there are few studies of exercise in women with advanced breast cancer, although early evidence suggests that physical activity offers benefits here, too, such as less fatigue. More rigorous studies investigating links between breast cancer and exercise are underway. Don’t settle back to await developments, though. Rise from your reading and head out for a walk.

詞匯注解

重點單詞

therapy /'θer?pi/

[中文釋義]n.療法，治療

[大綱全義]n.治療，療法，(不需要藥物或手術(shù)的)物理療法

treatment /'tri:tm?nt /

[中文釋義]n.治療

[大綱全義]n.治療，療法;討待;待遇;處理;論述

vulnerable /'v?ln?r?b(?)l/

[中文釋義] adj.易受傷害的

[大綱全義]adj.易受攻擊的;易受傷的，脆弱的

roughly /'r?fli/

[中文釋義] adv概略地

[大綱全義] adv粗糙地;毛糙地

speculate /'spekju¸leit/

[中文釋義] v.推測

[大綱全義] v.思索;推測;投機

tumor /'tju:m?/

[中文釋義] n.腫塊

[大綱全義] n.(腫)瘤.腫塊

moderate /'m?d?reit/

[中文釋義] adj.適度的

[大綱全義] adj.有節(jié)制的;中等的;適度的;溫和的;穗健的;合理的v緩和;使適中;審核(評分)

n.持溫和觀點者(尤指政見)

strenuous /'strenju?s/

[中文釋義] adj.高強度的

[大綱全義]adj.費力的;繁重的;奮發(fā)的;頑強的

negative /'neg?tiv/

[中文釋義] adj陰性的

[大綱全義] adj.否定的，消極的，陰性的n.負數(shù);(攝影)底片，負片

heartening /'ha:t?ni?/

[中文釋義]adj.振奮人心的

[大綱全義]adj.振奮人心的

vigorous /'vig?r?s/

[中文釋義]adj.精力充沛的

[大綱全義]adj.朝氣蓬勃的，精力旺盛的;有力的

reproductive /'ri:pr?'d?ktiv/

[中文釋義]adj.生殖的

[大綱全義]adj.復(fù)制的，生殖的

versus /'v?:s?s/

[中文釋義]adj.相時比

[大綱全義]prep.(vs.)......對......(在訴訟，比賽等);與......相對

超綱單詞

estrogen n.雌激素 hormonally adv.荷爾蒙的

androgen n.男性荷爾蒙 menopause n.停經(jīng)期

ovary n.卵巢 cascade n.大量

invasive adj.侵略性的 insulin n.腹島素

puberty n.青春期

重點段落譯文

據(jù)美國癌癥協(xié)會預(yù)計，今年將有24100名女性得知她們患有乳腺癌，另外還有4萬名女性將死于這種癌癥。幸運的是，在過去十年里人們研發(fā)了越來越有效的治療方法來幫助人們延長壽命，這使得自1990年以來死于乳腺癌的人數(shù)已經(jīng)開始逐漸減少。生活在我們周圍的女性中有200多萬名婦女曾接受乳腺癌治療。

有些女性的病史或基因使她們特別容易患上乳腺癌，但現(xiàn)代的靈丹妙藥如他莫昔芬和雷洛昔芬則可以降低這些女性患乳腺癌的風險。同時大量的研究表明體育鍛煉—同人類一樣古老的運動可以從本質(zhì)上降低女性患上乳腺癌的幾率，延長女性壽命以及從很大程度上提高患乳腺癌婦女的生活質(zhì)量。

科學(xué)家并不完全明白為什么體育鍛煉如此有效，但他們正積極地尋找答案。經(jīng)診斷，大約有三分之二的乳腺癌患者雌性激素呈陽性，這就意味著荷爾蒙雌激素會導(dǎo)致病況的惡化，其余患者的雌性激素均呈陰性。許多專家相信經(jīng)常運動可以降低體內(nèi)血管中雌激素的循環(huán)量，所以對于某些類型的乳腺癌患者而言減少雌性激素等于減少惡化。同時運動還可以減少激素活躍的脂肪組織。由脂肪產(chǎn)生的一種叫做芳香化酶的物質(zhì)可以將雄性激素轉(zhuǎn)換為雌性激素。絕經(jīng)后，當卵巢停止分泌大量的雌性激素時，這種激素大量轉(zhuǎn)換就成為女性體內(nèi)主要的雌性激素來源。

最近兩個精心設(shè)計的大型研究表明，體育鍛煉或許不僅僅只在與雌激素相關(guān)聯(lián)的荷爾蒙機能上起作用。在上個月發(fā)表在《內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》上的一項研究中，研究人員推測運動可能會影響腫瘤的侵害。此外研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)長期進行中強度或高強度的活動可以降低患雌激素呈陰性的乳腺癌的風險(雖然不是雌性激素呈陽性的癌癥)。由于可以有效地治療雌激素呈陰性乳腺癌的方案很少，所以這可真是一個振奮人心的消息。早期針對運動的一些研究表明，鍛煉也可以降低雌激素呈陽性乳腺癌的幾率?？茖W(xué)家們正在研究運動對雌性激素之外的胰島素、瘦素和某些生長激素的作用。

早期，特別是青春期的規(guī)律性鍛煉和足以抑制生長激素生長的充沛運動也可以改善乳腺癌得病率。2005年，一項關(guān)于終身鍛煉的多通道研究，把四千多名白種人和黑種人的乳腺癌幸存者與控制力相聯(lián)系。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，參加運動最多的女性比參加運動最少的女性患乳腺癌的幾率減少了20%。

希望各位考生能夠每天堅持閱讀，提高詞匯量和語感能力，為以后的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。最后提醒大家，夏季來臨，復(fù)習備考需注意防暑降溫。預(yù)?？佳谐晒?

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