考研英語特訓：看閱讀記單詞（十二）_跨考網(wǎng)

? It used tobe so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in thelaboratory would submit theresults of their research to a journal. Ajournal editor wouldthen remove the authors’ names and affiliationsfrom the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the commentsreceived, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchersseeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

? No longer.The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning whycommercialpublishersare making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—ismaking access to scientific results a reality .The Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development ( OECD) has just issued a report describing thefar-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of VictoriaUniversity in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading forpublishers who have, so far ,made handsomeprofits.But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, beena key element of scientific endeavor.

? The value ofknowledge and the return on the public investmentin research depends, in part, upon wide distributionand ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishingmarket is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The InternationalAssociation of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there aremore than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subject. Theypublish more than1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

? This is nowchanging. According to the OECD report , some 75% of scholarlyjournals are now online Entirely new business models are emerging. three mainones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of onlinejournal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-accesspublishing, typicallysupported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to bepublished. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such asuniversities or international laboratories support institutionalrepositories.Other models exist that are hybrids ofthese three. such as delayedopen-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for thefirst six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes tosee it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.

? 譯文

? 曾經(jīng)一切是很直接的。一組在實驗室合作的研究者會將他們的研究成果發(fā)給期刊雜志。雜志編輯會將作者名字和附件從論文上刪去再交給同領(lǐng)域的其他研究者進行復(fù)審。編輯將根據(jù)得到的評價決定是發(fā)表論文還是退回稿件。版權(quán)歸雜志發(fā)行人所有，研究人員要查詢有關(guān)知識成果必須先購買雜志。

? 但這已成為歷史。因特網(wǎng)以及來自資金提供部門的壓力——這些組織一直質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)發(fā)行人通過限制資源來從政府資助的研究項目中牟利——使取得科技研究成果成為現(xiàn)實。經(jīng)濟合作和發(fā)展組織最新發(fā)布了一項報告描述了這將產(chǎn)生的意義深遠的結(jié)果。這篇報告由澳大利亞維多利亞大學的約翰.胡頓和經(jīng)合組織的格拉汗.維克里合作完成，迄今已經(jīng)獲利豐厚的發(fā)行人來讀這篇文章必定如芒在背。但是它的意義不僅如此，它標志著到現(xiàn)在為止一直是科學研究中的關(guān)鍵的東西將會發(fā)生改變。

? 知識的價值和在研究上的公共投資回報部分來說，取決于廣大的發(fā)行量和迅速的途徑。這是一樁大生意。美國核心科技出版市場據(jù)估計市值70億美元到110億美元之間。國際科技協(xié)會，醫(yī)學技術(shù)發(fā)行人組織表示世界范圍內(nèi)超過2000個出版機構(gòu)是專注于這一些領(lǐng)域。他們每年在16000多種雜志上刊載出超過1200萬篇文章。

? 這些正在發(fā)生改變。根據(jù)經(jīng)合組織的報告，75%的學術(shù)期刊在因特網(wǎng)上都能找到。全新的商業(yè)模式正在形成。報告作者將其分成三種主要模式?，F(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)一種所謂的大雜燴，研究單位訂閱者通過網(wǎng)站許可協(xié)議，購買網(wǎng)上期刊合集的使用權(quán)。還有一種開放式發(fā)行，一般需要作者（或者其雇主）為發(fā)表的論文付費。最后，還有一種開放路徑的檔案庫，由一些如大學或者研究院所的實驗室等機構(gòu)扶持建立。其他類型的模式主要是這三種模式混合而成。延時開放閱覽——期刊前六個月只允許訂閱者閱讀論文，然后對所有想讀該論文的人免費開放。所有以上所述都可能改變同行復(fù)審流程的傳統(tǒng)模式，至少對論文發(fā)行來講是如此。

? 詞匯

? Affiliation n. 聯(lián)系,從屬關(guān)系

? 例句：His wife'saffiliation to the best people brought him a good many of those patients. 他妻子與上流社會的交往又給他帶來了許多病人。

? 詞組：democrats with noparty affiliation無黨派民主人士

? Copyright? n. 版權(quán),著作權(quán)

? 例句：He retained thecopyright of his book. 他保留此書的著作權(quán)。

? Commercial a. 商業(yè)的,商用的, 商品化的n. 商業(yè)廣告節(jié)目

? 例句：A commercialcollege teaches things that would be useful in business. 商學院教授那些在商業(yè)中可能會有用的東西。

? 詞組：commercialdepression 商業(yè)蕭條；commercialschool 商業(yè)學校

? Distribution?? n.分配

? 例句：It is importantto get even distribution of water and good penetration. 灌水時水量均勻分布和充分滲透是很重要的。

? 詞組：the distributionof wealth財富的分配thedistribution of profits利潤的分配thedistribution of insects昆蟲分類