2014考研英語寫作指導：段落的寫作_跨考網

　　一篇文章可由幾個自然段組成。文章中的句子和段落均為文章的中心思想服務，形成一個有機的整體。好的段落必須是意思完整，語義連貫，完全體現(xiàn)文章主旨中心，同時又是層次分明，結構嚴謹，邏輯關系應用合理的。

　　一、段落的組成

　　一個段落由三部分組成：

　　1.主題句(Topic Sentence):點出段落的主題(談論什么)。

　　2.擴展句(Developing Sentence):說明和支持主題。

　　3.結尾句(Concluding Sentence):得出結論。

　　二、段落的主題

　　一篇文章有中心意思，也就是題目。而每個段落則有段落主題，段落主題是為文章中心思想服務的。

　　每個段落只能有一個主題(central idea)，它用一個句子加以表達，所以稱為主題句。主題提出后需要很多結構嚴謹的句子來支持和說明，稱為擴展句。最后得出一個結論，并用一個結尾句表達。參看下面段落：

　　(主題句)Slavery in the United States existed almost unchanged for 250 years.(擴展句1)During this time, most slaves were not allowed to marry or to raise families.(擴展句2) Usually they were not allowed to learn to read.(擴展句3) It was very dangerous for a slave to travel, since even free Negroes could be kidnapped and sold at any time. (結尾句)Under these conditions, it was almost impossible for them to organize to help each other.

　　三、寫好主題句

　　定義：主題句為一個完整的句子，用以概括、敘述和說明該段的主題。

　　位置：主題句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，這樣較易掌握和構思。例如：

　　位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主題句。開門見山地提出問題，后面的擴展句圍繞主題句加以說明、支持、補充和解釋。

　　Learning English at college is different from learning English at the middle school. In the middle school, the students are more dependent and passive. But college students must solve most of the problems by themselves. They will have to consult the dictionaries and reference books by themselves and prepare their lessons.

　　位于段尾：主題句位于段尾便于總結全段的內容，給讀者以深刻的印象，是寫作中的一種演繹方法。

　　Similarly, in order to write successful answers to essay questions on history or anthropology examinations, a student must arrange the relevant facts and opinions according to some accepted pattern of paragraph structure. And certainly when a student writes a book report for English, or a critiques for politics studies, or a term paper for sociology, style and organization are often as important as content. Clearly, the ability to write well organized, concise paragraphs and essays is essential to a student’s success in almost all university courses.

　　位于段中：位于段中的主題句起承上啟下的作用，這類主題句多起轉折作用，一般由“but, however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等詞連接，用于引起下文。

　　What we teach ourselves sometimes indeed in more useful than what we learn from others. Some great men had little or no schooling. But these great men probably studied harder by themselves than most boys do in school. The greatest minds do not necessarily of those who have never been able to distinguish themselves at school, have been very successful in life later. It has been said that Wellington and Napoleon were both dull boys at school, and so were Newton and Albert Einstein.

　　無主題句：有的段落中無主題句，段落的主題思想通過文章內容來提示，這種方法能促使讀者對文章內容時行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考試中采用這種方法：

　　There came a breeze, then a gust of wind, The wind became stronger. It rattled the windows, turned up the fallen leaves, bent down the trees. Distant rumbling thunder was heard and came nearer and nearer. Large drops of rain began to fall. Flashes of lightening lit up the sky. Thunder roared overhead. Now the rain poured down,

　　寫好主題句的方法：

　　1. 主題句要概括一定內容，不要空泛，否則擴展句將難以說明和支持它，例如：

　　空泛：English language is very important.

　　概括：English language is very important in our daily life.

　　空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.

　　概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.

　　2. 盡量使用簡單句或簡潔明了的句子：

　　簡潔：Collecting stamps is her hobby.

　　復雜: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.

　　簡潔: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.

　　復雜：Gone with the wind was a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.

　　3. 主題句應該做到句子完整和表達的主題思想完整：

　　不完整：How to write a composition.

　　完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.

　　不完整：If the weather was fine.

　　完整：If it was fine, we would have had a good time.

　　4. 寫好主題句中的關鍵詞。

　　關鍵詞是直接表達主題的詞匯，它決定段落的內容和展開的方法，引導整個段落的發(fā)

　　展，例如：

　　There are several ways to boil the water.

　　The task can be finished in three steps.

　　There is a new method to reduce the cost.

　　四、寫好擴展句和段落

　　圍繞主題句展開，支持、說明和闡述主題句的句子便是擴展句。擴展句緊扣主題句中的關鍵詞而展開，句子與句子之間邏輯清楚，上下轉承結合得當，簡明扼要，重點突出。一般來說，每個自然段除了主題句與結尾句之外，還包含了3-6個擴展句。所以，寫好了擴展句便基本上完成一個自然段落。

　　做題時，一旦定下了主題和關鍵詞，作者便按照自己的思路來組織段落中的句子，句子之間要具有連貫性，就必須由一系列的邏輯關系構成，例如：并列關系，因果關系，遞進關系，轉折關系，解釋關系，概括關系，順序關系，讓步關系，對照比較關系，轉換關系等等，這些邏輯關系可由一系列的過渡詞(transitional words)來完成。過渡詞在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間起到承上啟下的作用，使句子或段落之間的銜接自然、連貫，邏輯合理，結構嚴謹，故極為重要。

　　例如：

　　構成時間關系的過渡詞有：first, in the first place, since then, thereafter, there fore, lately, later, meanwhile, at last等。

　　構成空間關系的過渡詞有：before, behind, below, between, beyond, farther, in front of , near to, next to, over, under, up, close to等。