2012�q�考研��p��阅读理解�_�读���（三）(j��)_跨考网

　　TEXT THREE

　　In a world where sight and sound seem to reign supreme, all it takes is a cursory glance at the size of the perfume industry to realise that smell matters quite a lot, too. Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town. Yet in all these cases, those affected are aware of what they are smelling. Unlike the media of sight and sound, in which subliminal messages have been studied carefully, the potential power of subliminal smells has been neglected.

　　Wen Li and her colleagues at Northwestern University in Chicago are now changing that. In particular, they are investigating smells so faint that people say they cannot detect them. The idea is to see whether such smells can nevertheless change the way that people behave towards others.

　　Dr Li's experiment, the results of which have just been published in Psychological Science, employed 31 volunteers. These people were exposed to three different odours at low concentration. One was the fresh lemon scent of citral. The second was the neutral ethereal perfume of anisole. The third was the foul sweaty smell of valeric acid. And the concentrations really were low. In the case of valeric acid, for example, that concentration was seven parts per trillion—a level only just detectable by bloodhounds. As a control, Dr Li used a mineral oil that has no detectable smell at any concentration.

　　The participants were asked to sniff a jar containing either one of the three odours or the scentless oil, and then press a button to indicate whether they thought the jar smelled of anything. Immediately after that, a picture of a face would appear on a screen in front of them for just over a second. Each participant was asked to rate the face's “likeability�?

　　Dr Li found that the odours helped shape people's judgments about the faces when their responses indicated that they had not smelled anything. When someone had been exposed to valeric acid, for example, he tended to react negatively to a face. Exposure to citral, by contrast, made that face seem, on average, more friendly. (Obviously, the same face was not shown to any given participant more than once.) Even more intriguing, however, was that when participants did consciously perceive a smell, its effect on face-perception disappeared.

　　What is going on is unclear. If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally. If they do not carry such information, then it is hard to see what use the subliminal reaction is. Nevertheless, it is there.

　　The findings do, however, demonstrate what might be a powerful method of manipulation. Indeed, Dr Li considers the potential uses to be vast. Business meetings might be made more pleasant by releasing appropriate fragrances into the air in unsmellable amounts. Conversely, fights might be started by putting people in the presence of a faint foul odour. Advertising hoardings might benefit from a little olfactory tweaking and cinema audiences could be reduced to floods of tears at the appropriate moment. The sweet smell of success might, in other words, actually be undetectable.

　　1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____

　　[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way.

　　[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound.

　　[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells.

　　[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others.

　　2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____

　　[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree.

　　[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells.

　　[C] regulate the participants�?moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration.

　　[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell.

　　3. The word “likeability�?(Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____

　　[A] similarity.

　　[B] likeness.

　　[C] loveliness.

　　[D] likelihood.

　　4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____

　　[A] make negative judgement to a face.

　　[B] make positive judgement to a face.

　　[C] make biased judgement to a face.

　　[D] make fair judgement to a face.

　　5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____

　　[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality.

　　[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other.

　　[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception.

　　[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success.

　　文章剖析�Q?/p>

　　�q�篇文章介绍�?ji��n)细微气呛_����Z��的媄(ji��ng)响。文章第一�D�讲�q�虽然气呛_����Z��生活中占有重要地位，但是�l�微气味的潜在力量却��Z�h所忽视;�W�二�D�讲�q�李博士正在�q�行研究�l�微气味的试�?�W�三、四、五�D�讲�q�C��(ji��n)李博士试验的具体情况;�W�六�D�讲�q�还有待研究的问�?�W�七�D�讲�q�这个发现的意义和作用�?/p>

　　词汇注释�Q?/p>

　　cursory adj. �_�略�? 草率�?subliminal adj. 潜在意识的，微小�?/p>

　　citral n. [化]柠檬�?ethereal adj.�ȝ��, 天上�? 象空气的

　　valeric acid n. �~�草�? 戊酸 bloodhound n. 警犬

　　hoarding　n.招脓(chu��ng)板，�q�告�?olfactory adj. 嗅觉�?/p>

　　tweak v. 调节�Q�拧

　　隑֏��H�破�Q?/p>

　　Odours are known to regulate moods, thoughts and even dating decisions, which is why any serious romantic will throw on the eau de toilette before going out for a night on the town.

　　[��M��句式] Odours are known to �?/p>

　　[�l�构分析]�q�是一个简单句�Q�which 引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修是前面的整个句子的�?/p>

　　[句子译文]大家知道�Q�气呛_��以调节�h的情�l�、想法，甚至是约�?x��)决定，�q�也���是��Z��么�h们晚上在城里赴约时总要喷上炚w��水�?/p>

　　If smells can carry useful information about personality (which is possible), then the effect would be expected to be the same whether or not the chemical in question is detected subliminally.

　　[��M��句式] If�?then�?/p>

　　[�l�构分析]�q�是一个带有条件状语从句的复杂句，在后面分句中�Q�有一个条件状语从句�?/p>

　　[句子译文]如果气味带有个性信�?�q�是有可能的)�Q�那么不���这�U�化学是否可以被潜意识感觉到�Q�其反应应当是一��L(f��ng)���?/p>

　　题目分析�Q?/p>

　　1. Dr. Li is carrying out such an investigation in order to _____ 1. 李博士进行这��试验是��Z��(ji��n)_____

　　[A] find out how smells regulate moods in a subtle and nuanced way. [A] 探烦(ch��)气味是如何以一�U�细���微妙的方式调节人的情��A的�?/p>

　　[B] prove that smell plays an equally important role in daily life as that of sight and sound. [B]证明气味在�h的生�z�M��与�h们的视觉、听觉一栯��v��C��(ji��n)重要的作用�?/p>

　　[C] find out if people are sensitive to faint smells. [C] 探烦(ch��)��Z��是否对微��q��气味敏感�?/p>

　　[D] find out if faint smells could influence people’s judgement of others. [D]探烦(ch��)微弱的气��x��否可以媄(ji��ng)响�h们对他�h的判断�?/p>

　　[�{�案]D

　　[隑ֺ��p�L��] ☆☆�?/p>

　　[分析] 推理题。文章介�l�了(ji��n)李博士的实验�Q�可以看出，该实验的对象是微��q��、�h们靠嗅觉��M��到的气味。主要研�I�这�U�气呌���否媄(ji��ng)响�h们对于他人的行�ؓ(f��)�Q�从试验详细描述来看�Q�主要是��Z��对于他�h的印象和判断。其中文章的�W�一�D�和�W�二�D�分别谈到“和视觉和声韛_��介不同的是，它们其中微小的讯息已�l�被仔细研究�q�了(ji��n)�Q�而细微的气味潜在的力量却被�h们忽略了(ji��n)”、“特别的是，他们现在研究的气味非常微弱，��Z��都说他们感觉不到�q�些气味。他们想看看�q�些气味是不是也可以影响��Z��对他人的行�ؓ(f��)”等都说明了(ji��n)所有答案中D最为吻合文章的意思�?/p>

　　2.The mineral oil is used in Dr. Li’s experiment to _____ 2. 李博士的实验中矿物��a(b��)是用来_____

　　[A] control the concentration of odours in a slightly detectable degree. [A] 在一个基本上很难察觉的程度上控制气味的浓度�?/p>

　　[B] act as a group of comparison with that of the other smells. [B] 作�ؓ(f��)和其他气��x��较的一个对照组�?/p>

　　[C] regulate the participants�?moods by decreasing the smell’s concentration. [C] 通过降低气味的浓度来调节试验参与者的情��A�?/p>

　　[D] protect the participants from losing sense of smell. [D] 保证试验参与者不�?x��)��失嗅觉�?/p>

　　[�{�案] B

　　[隑ֺ��p�L��] ☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。文章第三段指出�Q�李博士在实验中用一�U�完全没有气味的矿物油作为control�Q?�q�里control的意思是在对照实验中被用作对照标准的一个或一�l�物体。不�q�这个意思比较生僻，考生可能不知道。那么可以根据实验中它的作用推断出来�Q�它是绝�Ҏ(gu��)��味的�Q�可以和其他的气味的实验�l�果对照。如果考生拥有���_��的常识，也会(x��)知道在一般的�U�学实验中，��Z��(ji��n)保证试验�l�果的有效性，通常需要设�|�一个对照组。那么，选项B最为符合题意�?/p>

　　3. The word “likeability�?(Line 4, Paragraph 4) most probably means_____ 3. “likeability�?(�W�四�D늬�四行)意思最可能指_____

　　[A] similarity. [A] �c�M��性�?/p>

　　[B] likeness. [B] �怼�性�?/p>

　　[C] loveliness. [C] 可爱�?/p>

　　[D] likelihood. [D] �怼�性，可能性�?/p>

　　[�{�案] C

　　[隑ֺ��p�L��] ☆☆�?/p>

　　[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来判断该词的意思，试验要求参与者给看到的脸做一个判定，判定的内容可以根据实验结果看出来�Q�是让参与者判断所看到的脸是否“可亜y(c��)��，因此�Q�可以断定这个词的意思是C�?/p>

　　4. When the participants conciously smelt the valeric acid, they tended to_____ 4.当参与者意识到自己��d���?ji��n)颉草酸�Ӟ��他�?/p>

　　���向于____

　　[A] make negative judgement to a face. [A] 对看到的脸给以否定的判断�?/p>

　　[B] make positive judgement to a face. [B] 对看到的脸给以肯定的判断�?/p>

　　[C] make biased judgement to a face. [C] 对看到的脸给以偏颇的判断�?/p>

　　[D] make fair judgement to a face. [D] 对看到的脸给以公�q�的判断�?/p>

　　[�{�案]D

　　[隑ֺ��p�L��] ☆☆�?/p>

　　[分析]推理题。第五段提到很让�����解的是，当参与者意识到自己��d���?ji��n)一�U�气呻I��那么对脸的判断的影响���消�׃��(ji��n)。实验中参与者在没有意识地闻到这�U�草酸味�Ӟ��他会(x��)对脸有一�U�否定的判断�Q�但是当他意识到自己��d���Ӟ���q�种影响���没有了(ji��n)。那么可以推断，他对脸的判断���比较公允了(ji��n)�Q�选项D最为符合�?/p>

　　5. From Dr. Li’s experiment, it can be infered that_____ 5. 由李博士的实验可以推断出_____

　　[A] one’s reaction to subliminal smells reflect useful information about his or her personality. [A]一个�h对细微的气味的反应显�C�Z��(ji��n)有关于其个性的有用的信息�?/p>

　　[B] subliminal smells can influence people’s interaction with each other. [B] �l�微的气呛_��以媄(ji��ng)响�h们与他�h的交往�?/p>

　　[C] subliminal smells have no effect on people’s conscious face-perception. [C] �l�微的气味不能媄(ji��ng)响�h们有意识地对脸的判断�?/p>

　　[D] subliminal smells turn out to be a means of powerful manipulation in terms of business success. [D] �l�微的气呛_��商业成功的意义上来说是一�U�非常有利的控制手段�?/p>

　　[�{�案]B

　　[隑ֺ��p�L��] ☆☆☆☆

　　[分析] 推理题。李博士的实验主要是��Z��(ji��n)看看�l�微的气呌���否媄(ji��ng)响�h们对他�h的看法和印象,�Ҏ(gu��)��实验�l�果,参与者在��M��(ji��n)�l�微气味后会(x��)对看到的���生一定的反应,因此,可以得出�l�论,�l�微的气呌���够媄(ji��ng)响对他�h的行为。选项A�Q�文章中提到有可能有�q�种可能�Q�但是还没有证实。C不是该实验的一个主要结论，且该论点也没有得到证实。D选项的相兛_��容在文章的最后一�D�|��所涉及(qi��ng)�Q�但是这只是对前景的推测�Q�结�����没有得到证实。因此，�{�案应该选B选项�?/p>

　　参考译文：(x��)

　　在一个视觉和声音占绝对上风的世界里，我们只需随便看一下香水行业的规模���p��明白气味也占有很重要的地位。大家知道，气味可以调节人的情��A、想法，甚至是约�?x��)决定，�q�也���是��Z��么�h们晚上在城里赴约时总要喷上炚w��水。但是在所有的�q�些事例中，那些受媄(ji��ng)响的人都意识到自己闻到的是什么的。视觉和声音媒介中那些微���的讯息已经被仔�l�研�I�过�?ji��n)，而微弱气��x��在的力量却被��Z��忽略�?ji��n)�?/p>

　　李文和她在芝加哥西北大学的同事们现在���在改变�q�种状况。特别需要指出的是，他们现在研究的气味都极其微弱�Q�以至于��Z��都说他们感觉不到�q�些气味。他们想看看�q�些气味是不是也可以影响��Z��对他人的行�ؓ(f��)�?/p>

　　李博士的实验�l�果刚刚发表在《心(j��)理科学》上�Q�该实验�?1名志愿者。这些志愿者��n处三�U�低���度的气味中�Q�一�U�是新鲜柠檬的柠檬醛气味�Q�第二种是茴香醚的中性轻香味�Q�第三种是缬草酸的汗臭味。这三种气味的浓度都很低。比如，�~�草酸的汗臭��x��度�ؓ(f��)万亿分之七，�q�种���度只有警犬才能发觉。李博士在每�U�浓度中都用�?ji��n)一�U�矿物��a(b��)作�ؓ(f��)对照�Q�这�U�矿物��a(b��)的气��x��察觉不到的�?/p>

　　�q�些志愿者都被要求嗅装有某一�U�气��x��无味的��a(b��)�|�子�Q�然后再按下按钮表示自己是否��d��什么了(ji��n)。闻完后马上�?x��)在他们面前的屏�q�上出现一张脸的图像，只显�C�Z���U�钟。然后每个�h都会(x��)被要求断定这张脸的“可��q��度”�?/p>

　　李博士发现当��Z��认�ؓ(f��)自己没有��d����M��气味�Ӟ��气味其实�?x��)�?ji��ng)响�h们对脸的评�h(hu��n)。比如某人闻到缬草酸�Ӟ��他对看到的脸��׃��(x��)有不好的反应。相反，��d��柠檬酸的味道一般会(x��)让脸看�v来更友好些�?当然�Q�每张脸只给同一个�h看一�ơ�?但是�Q�更奇怪的是当参与者意识到自己��d���?ji��n)某�U�味道时�Q�上�q�媄(ji��ng)响就消失�?ji��n)�?/p>

　　�q�到底是怎么回事�q�不清楚。如果气呛_��有个性信�?�q�是有可能的)�Q�那么不���这�U�化学是否可以被潜意识感觉到�Q�其反应应当是一��L(f��ng)��。如果不带有�q�种信息�Q�就很难看出�q�种潜意识的反应有什么用�?ji��n)。但不管怎样�Q�事实摆在我们面前�?/p>

　　但是�q�些发现展现��Z��些可能的强有力的控制�Ҏ(gu��)��。实际上�Q�李博士认�ؓ(f��)�q�种潜力是巨大的。如果在��h��些适当的�h们闻不到的香呻I��商业�?x��)议会(x��)让人感觉更加舒适。相反，让�h们在很微��q��臭味中，���可能发生争斗。广告牌可以受益于一�Ҏ(gu��)��呌���节，而在适当时候�ؓ(f��)�?sh��)�?ji��ng)观众加些气味可能�?x��)��他们泪如泉涌。换句话��_(d��)��胜利的甜蜜气��x��无法觉察的�?/p>