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????經(jīng)常有同學(xué)問我:有沒有什么捷徑能夠順利地通過(guò)四六級(jí)、考研、考博或者其它英語(yǔ)考試? 我的回答總是:沒有。但是,幫助同學(xué)們找到一套科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)方法,不僅可以提高英語(yǔ)能力,而且對(duì)考試也有切實(shí)的幫助,是我一直所追求的。在國(guó)內(nèi)這樣的非母語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境里,如何在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)上少走彎路,最為行之有效和直接的提高英語(yǔ)水平的辦法就是大量閱讀,并作精細(xì)閱讀,這樣才能帶動(dòng)“聽說(shuō)寫譯”等其它能力的突破。結(jié)合我個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì),并經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的思考和教學(xué)中的摸索,我總結(jié)出了一套以閱讀為突破口,提高英語(yǔ)綜合能力和突破四六級(jí)和考研等等英語(yǔ)考試的“超精讀”方法,希望能對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。
???? 對(duì)大部分中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),欠缺的不是泛讀,而是精讀??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),同學(xué)們?cè)诔x文章的時(shí)候要對(duì)文章和考點(diǎn)、干擾項(xiàng)等進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析、總結(jié)。 這時(shí)要仔細(xì)體會(huì)文章中精彩的語(yǔ)言,注意詞語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵、使用、擴(kuò)展和搭配,代詞和名詞的指代,對(duì)精彩句型的模仿,以及對(duì)重要語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象、長(zhǎng)句、難句、文章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。另外,還要注意分析句子和句子之間的關(guān)系,是因果、遞近、轉(zhuǎn)折還是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句,以及每段的第一句和最后一句與其它句子的關(guān)系,體會(huì)每句話在文章中的作用。在閱讀過(guò)程中,要培養(yǎng)自己對(duì)文章主要討論對(duì)象、關(guān)鍵詞,作者和專家的觀點(diǎn),以及語(yǔ)氣的把握。特別注意作者和專家的觀點(diǎn),專家和專家之間的觀點(diǎn)是否相同或相反或互補(bǔ),以及作者和專家的語(yǔ)氣是贊成還是反對(duì),是關(guān)注還是樂觀等等。如果是真題,還要仔細(xì)分析考點(diǎn)和正確、干擾選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律、特征。在此過(guò)程中,可把文章盡可能的多讀幾遍,甚至翻譯一下,提高對(duì)文章中單詞、短語(yǔ)、句型等的反應(yīng)速度,閱讀速度自然也就提高了。
????如果能做到上面幾點(diǎn),那么你才能說(shuō)真正地理解了文章,閱讀理解能力以及綜合英語(yǔ)能力都會(huì)得到很大的提高,其結(jié)果是對(duì)考試中的每個(gè)題型的把握都會(huì)更上一層樓。先從聽力說(shuō)起,據(jù)研究,一個(gè)人的閱讀理解能力和聽力水平是成正比關(guān)系的。試想,有的同學(xué)連聽力原看不懂,怎么可能聽懂呢。另外,在超精讀的過(guò)程中,所積累的詞匯能力,對(duì)詞匯題也有很大幫助,我曾做過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì),如果對(duì)10套左右的四六級(jí)、考研閱讀真題中的詞匯進(jìn)行過(guò)深入學(xué)習(xí),大綱中的重點(diǎn)詞匯就已經(jīng)囊括大半。最好的詞匯記憶方法是通過(guò)閱讀來(lái)學(xué)習(xí),可以記得又牢又準(zhǔn)確。對(duì)翻譯、完形、改錯(cuò)、簡(jiǎn)短回答問題等小題型,你就會(huì)覺得得心應(yīng)手,因?yàn)槟銓?duì)這些題型的解題能力和你的閱讀、詞匯能力最相關(guān)。關(guān)于作文,許多同學(xué)喜歡背模版,其實(shí)模版作文千篇一律,很難拿到高分。如果在讀英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊和真題的過(guò)程中,我們有意識(shí)地摘抄積累一些精彩地道的詞匯和句型,考試時(shí)信手拈來(lái),無(wú)疑會(huì)使評(píng)卷老師眼睛為之一亮。實(shí)際上,我們所閱讀的英語(yǔ)文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我們能在早晨、傍晚朗讀或背誦英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊文章或真題閱讀文章,經(jīng)常進(jìn)行翻譯練習(xí),耳濡目染接觸到的都是地道的英語(yǔ),堅(jiān)持下去,我們的聽說(shuō)讀寫譯能力很自然地就會(huì)得到提高。

????第一步:準(zhǔn)備好閱讀材料,訓(xùn)練閱讀速度,捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看譯文。
在閱讀英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊(推薦閱讀Time, Newsweek, the Economist等)或者真題的時(shí)候,第一遍都必須首先注意提高閱讀速度。對(duì)報(bào)刊上的文章,第一遍讀的時(shí)候不要查字典,記下起止時(shí)間,計(jì)算單位時(shí)間的閱讀量。對(duì)真題,更加要控制在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成,閱讀時(shí)就要隨時(shí)對(duì)可能的考點(diǎn)作出標(biāo)記,最后結(jié)合解題技巧來(lái)解題。這時(shí)的重點(diǎn)放在訓(xùn)練速度,掌握文章大意、結(jié)構(gòu),以及作者和專家等的觀點(diǎn)。

????第二步:總結(jié)文章中詞匯使用的準(zhǔn)確性、形象性、多樣性和感情色彩及語(yǔ)氣,復(fù)合詞的使用,總結(jié)各類重要搭配,對(duì)各類重要詞匯進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,正確識(shí)別代詞與抽象名詞的指代,并記憶和運(yùn)用可以在作文中使用的詞匯。
????1. 從文章中詞匯使用的準(zhǔn)確性、形象性、多樣性和感情色彩及語(yǔ)氣角度,復(fù)合詞的使用進(jìn)行總結(jié)。
????① 準(zhǔn)確性
英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者在詞匯的使用上一般太寬太泛,欠缺準(zhǔn)確性。比如想到走,只會(huì)用walk, 其實(shí)表示“走”的詞匯有很多,如:stroll漫步, 閑逛; stagger 搖晃地走等等。
????② 形象性
英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的人在使用英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候用詞經(jīng)常非常形象化,而我們一般用詞就比較刻板。比如上升,很多人只會(huì)用increase, 其實(shí)用climb 這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的詞就很形象。再如下文:
Diana’s sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving “Diana Industry”.??Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the “grief industry”, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of “exclusive” biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.
trigger n. (槍的)扳機(jī); v. 引發(fā), 引起, 觸發(fā)
spawn n.魚等的)卵; v. 產(chǎn)卵,催生,造成,使產(chǎn)生
????③ 多樣性
詞匯的多樣性也是看一個(gè)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)者詞匯掌握是否豐富的重要方面。比如一篇文章講汽車,其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等詞進(jìn)行替換,你如果都掌握了,就可以很容易判斷文章的主題。還有一篇關(guān)于老年人的作文,一般人只會(huì)用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 顯然就技高一籌。再如閱讀理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker進(jìn)行替換。以上這些例子都說(shuō)明了詞匯的多樣性的重要。
????④ 感情色彩及語(yǔ)氣
動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞等的使用經(jīng)常都表達(dá)了作者的感情色彩和語(yǔ)氣,把握這一點(diǎn)對(duì)深入理解原文,或者考試時(shí)解題都很有作用。
The study’s director _89___ that “interactive leadership may emerge 90?? the management style of choice of many organizations.” (2003.1 CET-6 Cloze)
A) predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed
????這道題有爭(zhēng)議,因?yàn)锳)和B)從中文的意思上來(lái)看都可以,其實(shí)如果注意到句子中的may所表達(dá)的不確定語(yǔ)氣就可以確定本題必選A) predicted 無(wú)疑。因?yàn)閜redicted 意思是預(yù)測(cè),表達(dá)的是一種不確定性,而proclaimed 一般表示在正式場(chǎng)合的宣布、聲明,無(wú)此語(yǔ)氣。
????⑤ 復(fù)合詞
現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中復(fù)合詞的使用非常廣泛,且很多字典上都不一定能查到,平時(shí)要注意多總結(jié)。比如-free 這個(gè)詞表示“沒有,免除”,可以組成很多復(fù)合詞,flood-free 沒有洪水的,fat-free 沒有脂肪的。再如孫英杰B尿樣陽(yáng)性,face a multi-year ban, 體會(huì)一下復(fù)合詞的使用是不是句子有了英語(yǔ)的味道?

????2. 總結(jié)文章中動(dòng)詞和名詞(動(dòng)賓)搭配、形容詞和名詞的搭配、副詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞的搭配、各類介詞搭配(動(dòng)詞和介詞、形容詞和介詞、名詞和介詞、介詞和名詞)。
?? ① 動(dòng)詞和名詞(動(dòng)賓)搭配
動(dòng)詞作為英語(yǔ)中最活躍的詞性,具有強(qiáng)大的組詞功能,尤其是與名詞的搭配千變?nèi)f化,但又在很大程度上是約定俗成的。如果不加以注意,就容易犯錯(cuò)誤。比如一位同學(xué)作文中的表達(dá):People take more emphasis on the health,這里的take就應(yīng)該用place或者put。曾經(jīng)請(qǐng)同學(xué)翻譯一句話:他的英語(yǔ)在這個(gè)學(xué)校最好。一般人都翻譯成:His English is the best in this school. 其實(shí)如果平時(shí)掌握了地道的動(dòng)賓搭配,翻譯成:His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢?
例如:
Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.
從以上句子中我們就必須總結(jié)兩個(gè)動(dòng)賓搭配:
(1). reach consensus on … 在…方面達(dá)成共識(shí);
(2). promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的全面戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系

????② 形容詞和名詞的搭配
英語(yǔ)中形容詞表達(dá)的涵義很廣,同一個(gè)形容詞可以修飾不同的名詞,不同的形容詞可以修飾同樣的名詞,學(xué)習(xí)中一定要注意積累。如有個(gè)同學(xué)的造句:The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 這里crowded 就用錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該用heavy。另外,heavy 還可以修飾smoker / rain 等等。再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。不要想到好壞就想到good, bad,。比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。
?? ③ 副詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞的搭配
副詞的使用經(jīng)常使你的句子非常簡(jiǎn)潔和地道,比如你聽到小日本被炸了,你的反應(yīng)是不是pleasantly shocked (愉快的震驚)呢?再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。如果你是李宇春的忠實(shí)粉絲,但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽誤了學(xué)習(xí)就不好啦。
??
?? ④ 各類介詞搭配(動(dòng)詞和介詞、形容詞和介詞、名詞和介詞、介詞和名詞)
有專家稱,英語(yǔ)是介詞的語(yǔ)言,從這一點(diǎn)就可以看出介詞的重要性。多掌握各類介詞固定搭配,可以使你的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)更地道。

?? 3. 注意對(duì)文章中重要詞匯進(jìn)行一定的擴(kuò)展。
我們可以從詞匯的同義詞、反義詞,同根詞、相關(guān)性等等角度進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,讓你的詞匯形成一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò),而不是孤立的個(gè)體。

?? 4. 正確識(shí)別代詞與抽象名詞的指代
如果無(wú)法正確識(shí)別指代,讀者就無(wú)法把句子和句子連接成具有連貫意義的整體,就無(wú)法把握作者的思路延展。
例1:2003年6月六級(jí)閱讀理解第三篇
(32)Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. (This = the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.) In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. (本文是一篇人文類的議論文,討論的主要對(duì)象public education在第一句話中就提到,屬于開門見山類的文章。 第一段講了公立學(xué)校面臨的主要困難是學(xué)生數(shù)量的巨大增長(zhǎng),以及增長(zhǎng)的原因。)
32. What is the reason for the increase in the number of students?
[定位與替換] 本題問學(xué)生數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)的原因是什么?為典型的因果關(guān)系考點(diǎn)。問題指向原文第一段第一句,公立學(xué)校面臨的主要問題是學(xué)生數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)。接著講了兩個(gè)原因(This has been caused by …):合法就業(yè)年齡的提高(也就是在一定年齡以下不能就業(yè))和達(dá)到合法年齡后無(wú)法找到工作。所以選B) Raising of the legal age for going to work. 合法工作年齡的提高。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] A) The requirement of educated workers by business. 企業(yè)對(duì)受過(guò)教育的工人的要求。文中沒有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有。C) The trend toward a shorter workday. 工作時(shí)間縮短的趨勢(shì)。此為第二段第一句的內(nèi)容,但偏離了考點(diǎn)。D) People's concern for the future of the next generation. 人們對(duì)下一代的未來(lái)的關(guān)心。文中也沒有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有。
如果無(wú)法正確識(shí)別文章中This 的指代,解題就會(huì)遇到困難。現(xiàn)在的四六級(jí)考研英語(yǔ)命題者,喜歡從指代處出題。
例2:2002年6月閱讀第一篇:
Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. (some scientists argue為插入語(yǔ),第一個(gè)it指代the human history,第二個(gè)it指代global climate change)

????第三步:總結(jié)文章中的好的短句、長(zhǎng)難句、考點(diǎn)句;總結(jié)文章中句子如何開頭,句子之間的關(guān)系、銜接,段落之間的銜接,并記憶和運(yùn)用可以在作文中使用的句型。
例1:He is a big spender. 他花錢大手大腳。
運(yùn)用:Many young adults are big spenders. 許多年輕人花錢大手大腳。
例2:1949 witnessed the liberation of China.
運(yùn)用:The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of the web.
中國(guó)人寫英文句子多喜歡用第一人稱開頭,寫作文時(shí)候開頭也缺乏變化。所以平時(shí)在超精讀時(shí)仔細(xì)研究文章中的句子是如何開頭是很有必要的。
例3:He got off the plane. Reporters surrounded him. 這兩個(gè)句子沒有語(yǔ)法問題,但放在一起就顯得缺乏連貫性。如果改成He got off the plane and was surrounded by reporters 或者He got off the plane. And he was surrounded by reporters 就可以了。所以平時(shí)要多研究英文句子是如何銜接的。
例4:2002年6月六級(jí)閱讀第二篇
(29) Our obsession (迷戀) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. ……
以上是某一段第一句話,請(qǐng)注意also銜接兩段的作用。
29. The author criticizes women's obsession with thinness __________.
[定位與替換] 本題詢問作者是如何批評(píng)婦女對(duì)瘦的著迷的。由關(guān)鍵詞obsession with thinness定位到第五段第一句。但該句只給出了部分答案。注意also這個(gè)詞,表明人們對(duì)瘦的迷戀還有原因,應(yīng)該在上面一段。 第四段說(shuō)瘦現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是新的優(yōu)點(diǎn)的標(biāo)志。帶來(lái)的結(jié)果是肥胖被認(rèn)為是不好的,因?yàn)榉逝忠馕吨狈窳α?。整個(gè)社會(huì)以瘦為美,作者對(duì)人們迷戀瘦是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)風(fēng)氣使然,這是從社會(huì)的角度。 第五段第一句的話說(shuō),我們對(duì)瘦的迷戀部分原因是我們對(duì)健康的關(guān)注另外,從文中可以看出作者是從醫(yī)學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)明疾病不一定是和體重有關(guān),太迷戀瘦也有可能造成對(duì)健康的損害。所以本題應(yīng)該選B) from sociological and medical points of view從社會(huì)學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)的角度。解答本題需要整合兩段內(nèi)容,并具有概括能力。
例5:2001年6月四級(jí)第四篇
We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline(衰退)when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline). ??
第一段中有三個(gè)句型可以在圖表作文中應(yīng)用:
1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity.
我們可以這樣模仿:the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.
2. sales leveled off.
或者也可以這樣說(shuō):sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same
3. sales went into a slight decline.
或者也可以這樣說(shuō): sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以說(shuō)sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

第四步:總結(jié)文章主要討論對(duì)象、關(guān)鍵詞,作者、專家的觀點(diǎn)以及語(yǔ)篇及段落發(fā)展模式。對(duì)考試類文章而言,還要總結(jié)文章的考點(diǎn)、題目的定位、答案的替換、正確和干擾項(xiàng)的規(guī)律、特征。
例1:請(qǐng)大家參考我對(duì)2005年1月六級(jí)閱讀第三篇的解析:
Passage Three
(31) Throughout the nation's more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.(注意本段的differing / diversity / variability幾個(gè)同義替換,表明本段強(qiáng)調(diào)了美國(guó)各個(gè)地區(qū)的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育差異很大〈多樣性,多元化〉的事實(shí)。文章第二句,作者話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),盡管多元化有好處,但有分析表明這導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)的孩子與其它發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的同齡人相比,學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)比較平淡。這一句提出了美國(guó)教育存在的問題,預(yù)測(cè)后文可能會(huì)作詳細(xì)闡述或提出解決問題的辦法,注意這都是可能的考點(diǎn)。平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)一定要培養(yǎng)自己歸納、預(yù)測(cè)原文的能力?。?br>31. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _______.
[定位與替換] 本題問美國(guó)的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)的狀況。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞teaching of science and math定位到原文第一段。選B) characterized by its diversity以多樣性為特點(diǎn)。解題的重點(diǎn)在準(zhǔn)確判斷第一段所強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] A) focused on tapping students' potential集中開發(fā)學(xué)生的潛力,文中無(wú)信息支持;C) losing its vitality gradually逐步失去活力,D) going downhill in recent years最近幾年走下坡路,文章雖指出了美國(guó)的教育體系有缺陷,但并未說(shuō)其失去活力或走下坡路,故不應(yīng)選C、D。

Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, "no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.'' The reason, he said, "is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed." (Indeed, 在這里是加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,“確實(shí)”的意思,經(jīng)常在文章中引出作者或者專家的重要觀點(diǎn)。專家Schmidt的結(jié)論:美國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的教育實(shí)踐缺乏連貫一致的知識(shí)觀念,原因是這個(gè)體系有深刻和根本的缺陷。到底是什么缺陷呢?這里專家只是作了抽象的概括,下文中可能會(huì)詳細(xì)闡述。注意coherent和第一段diversity是反義詞。)
The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.(本段不是很重要,主要講這個(gè)分析是基于50個(gè)國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)。)
Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds (= the new analysis), but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers' activities.(Not only … , but …倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句,語(yǔ)意重心在but后面的內(nèi)容:美國(guó)的各個(gè)學(xué)區(qū)在課程等方面缺乏戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)。the report finds是插入語(yǔ))(32) This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.(這與大部分其它國(guó)家的協(xié)調(diào)的國(guó)家計(jì)劃形成鮮明對(duì)比,是作者的結(jié)論句。This指代上面一句的意思,也即美國(guó)人的做法。這里也是一個(gè)重要的對(duì)比考點(diǎn)。)
32. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ________.
[定位與替換]本題是問美國(guó)學(xué)校教育的根本缺陷是什么。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞fundamental flaw可定位到原文第二段,但答案并不在其中(而是在第四段)。根據(jù)對(duì)文章的分析,應(yīng)該選A) it lacks a coordinated national program美國(guó)學(xué)校教育缺乏一個(gè)協(xié)調(diào)一致的全國(guó)性計(jì)劃。答案是從第四段This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. 推得的。本題解題的關(guān)鍵是跨段整合內(nèi)容。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] B) it sets a very low academic standard for students它對(duì)學(xué)生設(shè)定了非常低的學(xué)術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),文中無(wú)內(nèi)容支持(只是說(shuō)美國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)的多而不精);C) it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers它非常依賴各個(gè)教師的主動(dòng)性,文中無(wú)信息支持;D) it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects 它太重視學(xué)校課程的深入學(xué)習(xí),與文章內(nèi)容相反,如果選項(xiàng)是attach too much importance to extensive, but not intensive, study of school subjects 才符合原文。

(33) On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that "is a mile wide and an inch deep," Schmidt notes. (出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)時(shí)應(yīng)高度關(guān)注。第二句This指代第一句陳述的事實(shí):平均說(shuō)來(lái),與國(guó)際同齡人相比,美國(guó)學(xué)生在科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)方面要學(xué)習(xí)更多的科目。A mile wide and an inch deep屬于形象用法、比喻考點(diǎn)。)
For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider.(作者接著舉例說(shuō)明美國(guó)的教育環(huán)境是a mile wide and an inch deep。)U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems "share our pattern of splintered (支離破碎的) visions" but which are not economic leaders.
33. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is "a mile wide and an inch deep" (Line 2, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice ________.
[定位與替換] 本題問作者對(duì)美國(guó)教育實(shí)踐的看法。根據(jù)上面兩段This指代的事實(shí)以及For instance后對(duì)a mile wide and an inch deep的進(jìn)一步解釋可以看出,美國(guó)教育注重所開科目的廣度而不重視深度,所以選D) scratches the surface of a wide range of topics只觸及了許多科目的表面。另外,education environment = educational practice。解題的關(guān)鍵是要跨段整合內(nèi)容,并準(zhǔn)確地識(shí)別指代和例證的含義。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] A) lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity犧牲數(shù)量來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)質(zhì)量,和文中內(nèi)容相反;B) offers an environment for comprehensive education為全面綜合教育提供了環(huán)境,文中只提到科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)教育,并未出現(xiàn)全面綜合教育的概念;C) encourages learning both in depth and in scope鼓勵(lì)既深入又廣泛地學(xué)習(xí),這只是美國(guó)教育改革的方向,與原文內(nèi)容不一致。

The new report "couldn't come at a better time," says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington.(本句是某個(gè)專家對(duì)the new report所作的評(píng)價(jià)。文章中出現(xiàn)概括性評(píng)價(jià)之后一般都會(huì)作進(jìn)一步的解釋說(shuō)明、原因分析等,這是命題者較喜歡的考點(diǎn)。)(34)"The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision," including the call "to do less, but in greater depth." (The new National Education Standards和The new report屬于同義概念。)
34. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ________.
[定位與替換]本題問新的全國(guó)科學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是個(gè)好消息的原因。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞The new National Education Standards和good news, 定位到第七段,本題所問的原因在第二句,注意but引起的強(qiáng)調(diào),故選A) provide depth to school science education使學(xué)校的科學(xué)教育具有深度。解題的關(guān)鍵在于識(shí)別句子之間的關(guān)系。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] B) solve most of the problems in school teaching解決學(xué)校教學(xué)的大部分問題,歪曲并夸張了文章原意;C) be able to meet the demands of the community能夠滿足社區(qū)需求,文中未提及,因?yàn)樾碌娜珖?guó)科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是為了彌補(bǔ)教育體制的缺陷而制定的;D) quickly dominate U.S. educational practice迅速在美國(guó)的教育實(shí)踐中處于支配地位,文中也未提及,而是指出了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將面臨挑戰(zhàn)。

(35) Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.(…因?yàn)槊绹?guó)的教育責(zé)任是分散的,它要求任何一項(xiàng)改革只能一次一個(gè)社區(qū)地量身定制。he and Schmidt agree是插入語(yǔ),而且是專家觀點(diǎn)標(biāo)志詞,緊接著闡述了Implementing the new standards… will be the challenge的原因,考點(diǎn)設(shè)置和34題如出一轍,但相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,因?yàn)閎ecause是明顯的因果關(guān)系考點(diǎn)標(biāo)志詞。)
In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards "face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈雜聲)."
35. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ________.
[定位與替換] 本題問實(shí)施新的科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將會(huì)遇到困難的原因。put sth. into practice = implement, will prove difficult = will be the challenge, 所以本題可準(zhǔn)確定位到倒數(shù)第二段,最后選C) school districts are responsible for making their own decisions學(xué)區(qū)對(duì)自己的決定負(fù)責(zé)。該選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了文中“責(zé)任分散”的意思。
[干擾項(xiàng)分析] A) there is always controversy in educational circles在教育界一直存在爭(zhēng)論,B) not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so沒有足夠的教育者意識(shí)到這樣做的重要性,D) many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards許多學(xué)校老師質(zhì)疑這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的可接受性,這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)文中均無(wú)信息支持。
例2、2000年1月四級(jí)閱讀第二篇
Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half.??However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.
30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?
A)??????They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.
B)??????They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.
C)??????They are falling out of use in the United States.
D)??????They are applicable only on broad roads
請(qǐng)用心體會(huì)initially 這個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵,其實(shí),你一看到這個(gè)詞,就應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確predict后面可能會(huì)有考點(diǎn),而且肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)but, however, ultimately 一類的轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比詞。答案B)。
例3、六級(jí)2001年6月閱讀第二篇
For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. ……
Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.
Today Mars looms as humanity’s next great terra incognita.??And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface.??Could it be science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at least destined to take a leading role? ……
With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. …..
36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was_____ .
A) to display their country’s military might
B) to accomplish some significant science
C) to find new areas for colonization
D) to pursue commercial and state interests
37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____ .
A) international cooperation??????????????????????????????????????????????B) nationalistic reasons
C) scientific research????????????????????????????????????????????????????D) long-term profits
注意:economic / commercial / financial / profit ; nationalistic / political / military / cold war / nationalism;??science / scientist/ scientific 都是近義詞或同一范疇的詞,也就閱讀文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的同義換詞現(xiàn)象。如果一個(gè)詞的同義詞、相關(guān)詞在一篇文章中多次重復(fù)出現(xiàn),必定是這篇文章的強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方,必定和考題相關(guān)。另外,請(qǐng)注意這兩道題的考法,先考過(guò)去,再考現(xiàn)在,一個(gè)是was, 一個(gè)是is。答案D,C。
例4、考研2004年 Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.??He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.??It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.
….
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return.??When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs – those it considers the best matches.??There maybe more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them – and they do.
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
A)??????To focus on better job matches.
B)??????To attract more returning visits.
C)??????To reserve space for more messages.
D)??????To increase the rate of success.
請(qǐng)注意下面句中them是指代什么:then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.?? 有的輔導(dǎo)書上是這么翻譯的:然后給網(wǎng)上貼出的對(duì)應(yīng)崗位發(fā)個(gè)郵件/ 當(dāng)…時(shí),你就通過(guò)EMAIL給這些人寄去相關(guān)的資料。其實(shí),這里them指visitors。比如說(shuō)你訪問某個(gè)求職網(wǎng)站,登記了你的要求,那么該網(wǎng)站可能會(huì)根據(jù)你的要求給你發(fā)email通知你,這就是所謂的interactive feature.
44題答案B,??實(shí)際上考的是一個(gè)例證題,但是表面上不很容易看出來(lái),這就是考研難的地方。如果你平時(shí)注意分析第一句話和后面句子的關(guān)系,那么你就會(huì)知道, 例證題的答案經(jīng)常指向段落第一句話。答案中attract替換原文tempt。如果你在解題的時(shí)候只注意后面幾句話,就可能會(huì)做錯(cuò)答案或者速度慢了。
例五、考研2002年 Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects – a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen – is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____ .
A)?tors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain
B)?it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
C)??????the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
D)??????patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
答案B, 這幾段里有不少和法律相關(guān)單詞可以學(xué)習(xí),比如constitutional / rule / supreme court, rule 這個(gè)詞在這里是裁決的意思,很多死背詞匯書的同學(xué)考試中就不一定能夠反應(yīng)出這個(gè)意思。這道題目的干擾項(xiàng)之一C很有意思,大家有沒有注意到strongly這個(gè)詞,這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就錯(cuò)在這里。請(qǐng)看一下第二段Although這句話, 體會(huì)一下這句話的內(nèi)涵(盡管,但是),這句話的內(nèi)涵是最高法院盡管認(rèn)為醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺是非法的,是持反對(duì)態(tài)度的,但并不是強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)! 所以大家在做題的時(shí)候一定要注意選項(xiàng)中的形容詞和副詞等限定詞,這些地方經(jīng)常是陷阱,同樣文章中出現(xiàn)這類詞匯也需要高度警惕。
第五步:翻譯文章或者與譯文(如果有)對(duì)照學(xué)習(xí)
這一步最具有挑戰(zhàn)性,但可以使你對(duì)英文的理解更準(zhǔn)確,可以讓你更自由地在中英文之間馳騁。
同學(xué)們?cè)谶M(jìn)行超精讀時(shí),可以參考以上五個(gè)步驟進(jìn)行。最后引用一個(gè)我與一個(gè)網(wǎng)上同學(xué)的對(duì)話來(lái)結(jié)束這篇文章,希望各位同學(xué)都能早日視深刻地理解英語(yǔ)為一種享受,并順利攻克英語(yǔ)這個(gè)堡壘。
問:您說(shuō)的超精讀 會(huì)花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間的 難道不是嗎?
答: 呵呵,你搞錯(cuò)了,你做題目的時(shí)候是在規(guī)定時(shí)間之內(nèi)完成。研究題目的時(shí)候超精讀,知道嗎?精讀之外,研究好出題點(diǎn),解題技巧,怎么會(huì)過(guò)不了?不花時(shí)間,怎么提高?你不精讀,這次過(guò)不了,下次還要再考,更花時(shí)間,浪費(fèi)的是你的青春。??

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