2015考研英語(yǔ)：新題型試題精選(三)

　　2015考研英語(yǔ)：新題型精選試題(三)

　　Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.Humans are thoughtful and creative，possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61)Furthermore，humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore，it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner，with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.

　　“Anthropology”derives from the Green words anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”.By its very name，anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

　　Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

　　Social science disciplines include geography，economics，political science，psychology，and sociology.Each of thesesoical sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity.Anthropology is a fieldstudy oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered firsthand，combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present，makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture.Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of19th century science. (64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief，art，morals，law，custom，and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. This insight，so profound in its simplicity，opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understa nding human life.Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned，shared，and patterned behavior.

　　(65)Thus，the anthropological concept of“culture”，like the concept of“set”in mathematics，is an abstract concept whichmakes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

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　　人類(lèi)無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)地不在探究他們所居住的這個(gè)世界，并且驚嘆于他們所處的地方。人類(lèi)有思想、有創(chuàng)造性，而且具有難以滿足的求知欲。(61)而且，人類(lèi)還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其他形態(tài)的生命服從人類(lèi)自己獨(dú)特的想法和想象。因此，運(yùn)用冷靜和系統(tǒng)的方法對(duì)人類(lèi)的廣泛性與多樣性進(jìn)行研究，是至關(guān)重要的。我們希望通過(guò)這些研究獲得的知識(shí)可以促進(jìn)人與人之間、以及人類(lèi)與地球上的所有其他物種更加和諧地共存。

　　“人類(lèi)學(xué)”一詞起源于希臘語(yǔ)anthropos(人類(lèi))和logos(對(duì)于…的研究)。顧名思義，人類(lèi)學(xué)包含了對(duì)全人類(lèi)的研究。

　　人類(lèi)學(xué)屬于社會(huì)科學(xué)。(62)社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支，它力圖像自然科學(xué)有研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方式研究人類(lèi)及其行為。

　　社會(huì)科學(xué)包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)等學(xué)科。社會(huì)學(xué)的每一學(xué)科都包含一門(mén)與人類(lèi)學(xué)密切相關(guān)的分支或?qū)I(yè)。

　　一切社會(huì)科學(xué)都以研究人類(lèi)為核心。人類(lèi)學(xué)是一門(mén)以實(shí)地考查為導(dǎo)向的學(xué)科，在研究中需要廣泛地運(yùn)用比較法。(63)強(qiáng)調(diào)收集第一手資料，加上在分析過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在文化形態(tài)時(shí)采用跨文化視角，使得這一研究成為一門(mén)獨(dú)特并且非常重要的社會(huì)科學(xué)。

　　人類(lèi)學(xué)的研究在很大程度上取決于文化觀念。愛(ài)德華?泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世紀(jì)杰出的理論成就之一。(64)泰勒把文化定義為“…一個(gè)復(fù)合整體，它包括人作為社會(huì)成員所獲得的主仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風(fēng)俗以及其它能力和習(xí)慣”。這一概念雖然簡(jiǎn)潔，但卻含義深刻，它為認(rèn)識(shí)和理解人類(lèi)生活開(kāi)創(chuàng)了一條嶄新的道路。泰勒關(guān)于文化的定義暗示出這樣一個(gè)概念，即文化是后天習(xí)得的、與他人共享的和形成固定模式的行為。

　　(65)因此，人類(lèi)學(xué)中的“文化”概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個(gè)抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識(shí)成為可能。